Table 5.

Effects of melatonin on oxidative stress in in vitro PD models.

In Vitro PD Experimental Model	Melatonin Concentration	Effects of Melatonin	References
MPP+-treated mitochondrial fraction	0.1–100 μM	Reduction of •OH formation	[147]
6-OHDA-treated PC12 cells	1–100 nM	Protection from both apoptosis and necrosis, increasing antioxidant enzymes	[156]
MPP+ treated retinoic acid-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells	100 μM	Improved antioxidant enzyme activities and reduced lipid peroxidation	[158]
MPP+ treated mouse BV2 cells and primary microglial cells	100 μM	Reduced ROS production and suppress NLRP3 inflammasome activity	[159]
P19-derived neurons	10 μM	Rescuing of dopamine neurons from spontaneous cell death in low-density seeding cultures	[160]