Table 1.
The characteristics of the patient population utilized in mRS prediction.
| Variables | 90-Day mRS (0–2) | 90-Day mRS (3–6) | p Values | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (± SD), Median (IQR), or n (%) | Mean (± SD), Median (IQR), or n (%) | Mean (± SD), Median (IQR), or n (%) | |||
| Age | 62.23 (± 15.81) | 76.0 (16.5) | <0.001 | 69.0 (22.0) | |
| Sex | Female | 57 (57.6%) | 54 (62.8%) | 0.568 | 111 (60.0%) |
| Male | 42 (42.4%) | 32 (37.2%) | 74 (40.0%) | ||
| Race | White | 60 (60.6%) | 41 (47.7%) | 0.206 | 101 (54.6%) |
| Black/African American | 34 (34.3%) | 40 (46.5%) | 74 (40.0%) | ||
| Other | 5 (5.0%) | 5 (5.8%) | 10 (5.4%) | ||
| Alcohol | Not current alcohol user | 63 (63.6%) | 70 (81.4%) | 0.012 | 133 (71.9%) |
| Current alcohol user | 36 (36.4%) | 16 (18.6%) | 52 (28.1%) | ||
| Smoking | Never smoker | 57 (57.6%) | 49 (57.0%) | 1.0 | 106 (57.3%) |
| Current or former smoker | 42 (42.4%) | 37 (43.0%) | 79 (42.7%) | ||
| Was Johns Hopkins the initial hospital? | No, ttransferred to JHH | 26 (26.3%) | 19 (22.1%) | 0.626 | 45 (24.3%) |
| Yes | 73 (73.7%) | 67 (77.9%) | 140 (75.7%) | ||
| Hypertension | No | 31 (31.3%) | 13 (15.1%) | 0.016 | 44 (23.8%) |
| Yes | 68 (68.7%) | 73 (84.9%) | 141 (76.2%) | ||
| Diabetes | No | 77 (77.8%) | 52 (60.5%) | 0.017 | 129 (69.7%) |
| Yes | 22 (22.2%) | 34 (39.5%) | 56 (30.3%) | ||
| Atrial fibrillation | No | 63 (63.6%) | 54 (62.8%) | 1.0 | 117 (63.2%) |
| Yes | 36 (36.4%) | 32 (37.2%) | 68 (36.8%) | ||
| Heart disease | No | 56 (56.6%) | 42 (48.8%) | 0.367 | 98 (53.0%) |
| Yes | 43 (43.4%) | 44 (51.2%) | 87 (47.0%) | ||
| Dyslipidemia | No | 52 (52.5%) | 42 (48.8%) | 0.724 | 94 (50.8%) |
| Yes | 47 (47.5%) | 44 (51.2%) | 91 (49.2%) | ||
| Chronic kidney disease | No | 84 (84.8%) | 67 (77.9%) | 0.305 | 151 (81.6%) |
| Yes | 15 (15.2%) | 19 (22.1%) | 34 (18.4%) | ||
| Deep vein thrombosis/Pulmonary embolism | No | 94 (95.0%) | 66 (76.7%) | 0.001 | 160 (86.5%) |
| Yes | 5 (5.0%) | 20 (23.3%) | 25 (13.5%) | ||
| Hepatitis C virus | No | 95 (96.0%) | 84 (97.7%) | 0.81 | 179 (96.8%) |
| Yes | 4 (4.0%) | 2 (2.3%) | 6 (3.2%) | ||
| Human immunodeficiency virus | No | 98 (99.0%) | 84 (97.7%) | 0.902 | 182 (98.4%) |
| Yes | 1 (1.0%) | 2 (2.3%) | 3 (1.6%) | ||
| Sleep apnea | No | 88 (88.9%) | 78 (90.7%) | 0.872 | 166 (89.7%) |
| Yes | 11 (11.1%) | 8 (9.3%) | 19 (10.3%) | ||
| Prior stroke/TIA | No | 80 (80.8%) | 69 (80.2%) | 1.0 | 149 (80.5%) |
| Yes | 19 (19.2%) | 17 (19.8%) | 36 (19.5%) | ||
| Peripheral vascular disease | No | 96 (97.0%) | 72 (83.7%) | 0.004 | 168 (90.8%) |
| Yes | 3 (3.0%) | 14 (16.3%) | 17 (9.2%) | ||
| Obesity | No | 67 (67.7%) | 60 (69.8%) | 0.883 | 127 (68.6%) |
| Yes | 32 (32.3%) | 26 (30.2%) | 58 (31.4%) | ||
| History of malignancy | No | 83 (83.8%) | 70 (81.4%) | 0.808 | 153 (82.7%) |
| Yes | 16 (16.2%) | 16 (18.6%) | 32 (17.3%) | ||
| Antiplatelet or anticoagulation use | No | 65 (65.7%) | 49 (57.0%) | 0.289 | 114 (61.6%) |
| Yes | 34 (34.3%) | 37 (43.0%) | 71 (38.4%) | ||
| Admission BMI | 27.82 (9.3) | 27.49 (6.36) | 0.138 | 27.54 (6.99) | |
| Admission HR | 82.0 (25.0) | 84.0 (25.5) | 0.184 | 82.0 (26.0) | |
| Admission SBP | 143.0 (33.0) | 154.06 (± 28.8) | 0.132 | 146.0 (34.0) | |
| Admission DBP | 86.0 (24.5) | 83.0 (25.75) | 0.327 | 84.0 (25.0) | |
| Admission RR | 17.0 (2.0) | 18.0 (4.0) | 0.133 | 18.0 (3.0) | |
| Admission SpO2 | 98.0 (3.0) | 98.5 (3.0) | 0.307 | 98.0 (3.0) | |
| Admission SI | 0.59 (0.22) | 0.59 (± 0.15) | 0.932 | 0.58 (0.21) | |
| Age related admission SI | 34.07 (13.47) | 43.08 (± 14.55) | <0.001 | 37.89 (17.03) | |
| Admission sodium | 138.7 (± 3.21) | 139.0 (4.75) | 0.818 | 139.0 (4.0) | |
| Admission potassium | 4.1 (± 0.45) | 4.15 (0.5) | 0.368 | 4.1 (0.6) | |
| Admission glucose | 117.0 (36.0) | 121.0 (47.75) | 0.176 | 118.0 (38.0) | |
| Admission calcium | 8.98 (± 0.57) | 9.03 (± 0.61) | 0.58 | 9.0 (± 0.59) | |
| Admission BUN | 15.0 (8.0) | 19.0 (9.75) | 0.001 | 16.0 (8.0) | |
| Admission creatinine | 0.9 (0.3) | 1.0 (0.51) | 0.054 | 0.96 (0.4) | |
| Admission hematocrit | 39.46 (± 4.74) | 40.25 (± 6.03) | 0.319 | 39.83 (± 5.38) | |
| Admission hemoglobin | 12.84 (± 1.71) | 13.0 (± 2.15) | 0.578 | 12.91 (± 1.92) | |
| Admission WBC count | 7.48 (3.23) | 8.32 (4.4) | 0.048 | 7.96 (3.79) | |
| Admission platelet count (×1000) | 227.0 (105.0) | 214.8 (107.75) | 0.288 | 220.0 (107.0) | |
| Admission platelet count (×1000) to WBC count ratio | 30.28 (13.14) | 25.79 (12.75) | 0.002 | 28.88 (11.78) | |
| Admission NIHSS | 12.0 (11.0) | 17.12 (± 7.07) | <0.001 | 14.0 (10.0) | |
| Door to CT (minutes) | 23.0 (27.0) | 25.5 (28.75) | 0.334 | 25.0 (30.0) | |
| Baseline non-contrast CT ASPECTS on 5-mm cuts | 9.0 (2.0) | 9.0 (4.0) | 0.013 | 9.0 (2.8) | |
| Hyperdense MCA present on thin cuts? | No | 42 (42.4%) | 36 (41.9%) | 1.0 | 78 (42.2%) |
| Yes | 57 (57.6%) | 50 (58.1%) | 107 (57.8%) | ||
| Stroke etiology (TOAST criteria) | Cardioembolism | 49 (49.5%) | 45 (52.3%) | 0.873 | 94 (50.8%) |
| Large artery atherosclerosis | 17 (17.2%) | 17 (19.8%) | 34 (18.4%) | ||
| Stroke of undetermined etiology | 27 (27.3%) | 20 (23.3%) | 47 (25.4%) | ||
| Stroke of other determined etiology | 6 (6.1%) | 4 (4.6%) | 10 (5.4%) | ||
| Laterality | Left | 44 (44.4%) | 47 (54.6%) | 0.27 | 91 (49.2%) |
| Right | 54 (54.6%) | 39 (45.4%) | 93 (50.3%) | ||
| Bilateral | 1 (1.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.5%) | ||
| Occluded segment | M1 | 51 (51.5%) | 43 (50.0%) | 0.879 | 94 (50.8%) |
| M2 | 20 (20.2%) | 20 (23.3%) | 40 (21.6%) | ||
| M1 and M2 | 28 (28.3%) | 23 (26.7%) | 51 (27.6%) | ||
| Hemorrhagic transformation? | No | 72 (72.7%) | 50 (58.1%) | 0.053 | 122 (66.0%) |
| Yes | 27 (27.3%) | 36 (41.9%) | 63 (34.0%) | ||
| Type of hemorrhagic transformation | No HT | 72 (72.7%) | 50 (58.1%) | 0.058 | 122 (66.0%) |
| HI1 | 3 (3.0%) | 2 (2.3%) | 5 (2.7%) | ||
| HI2 | 15 (15.2%) | 13 (15.1%) | 28 (15.1%) | ||
| PH1 | 8 (8.1%) | 15 (17.4%) | 23 (12.4%) | ||
| PH2 | 1 (1.0%) | 6 (7.0%) | 7 (3.8%) | ||
| Calculated rCBF 20% volume (mL) | 0.0 (6.9) | 0.0 (13.7) | 0.186 | 0.0 (8.0) | |
| Calculated rCBF 30% volume (mL) | 8.0 (23.0) | 9.8 (33.45) | 0.226 | 8.0 (26.6) | |
| Calculated rCBF 34% volume (mL) | 12.0 (31.2) | 15.0 (36.45) | 0.166 | 14.8 (33.4) | |
| Calculated rCBF 38% volume (mL) | 20.0 (33.0) | 22.0 (43.15) | 0.127 | 21.4 (35.0) | |
| Calculated Tmax 4 s volume (mL) | 190.0 (108.3) | 216.0 (139.25) | 0.03 | 205.0 (136.8) | |
| Calculated Tmax 6 s volume (mL) | 101.0 (81.0) | 116.1 (83.75) | 0.013 | 106.2 (80.0) | |
| Calculated Tmax 8 s volume (mL) | 54.0 (64.0) | 74.0 (67.5) | 0.018 | 67.0 (63.2) | |
| Calculated Tmax 10 s volume (mL) | 37.0 (55.0) | 45.5 (62.55) | 0.024 | 41.0 (54.0) | |
| CBV 34% (mL) | 0.0 (13.4) | 5.0 (19.9) | 0.031 | 3.0 (16.4) | |
| CBV 38% (mL) | 4.0 (16.0) | 7.0 (23.25) | 0.024 | 5.0 (19.2) | |
| CBV 42% (mL) | 4.2 (17.8) | 8.5 (26.0) | 0.015 | 7.0 (21.6) | |
| Calculated mismatch (mL) | 82.0 (67.6) | 90.0 (70.75) | 0.045 | 85.0 (68.6) | |
| Calculated mismatch ratio | 19.4 (35.06) | 17.05 (36.55) | 0.483 | 18.18 (35.5) | |
| Hypoperfusion index | 0.3 (0.3) | 0.4 (0.3) | 0.178 | 0.38 (0.3) | |
| Single phase CTA collateral score based on Tan | 2.0 (0.2) | 1.6 (1.0) | 0.003 | 2.0 (1.0) | |
| DSA collaterals (ASITN/SIR criteria) | 2.0 (1.0) | 2.0 (2.0) | 0.156 | 2.0 (2.0) | |
| Clot burden score | 6.8 (2.3) | 6.0 (3.95) | 0.026 | 6.0 (3.2) | |
| IV TPA administered? | No | 59 (59.6%) | 67 (77.9%) | 0.012 | 126 (68.1%) |
| Yes | 40 (40.4%) | 19 (22.1%) | 59 (31.9%) | ||
| Door to needle time (minutes) | 1113.0 (1052.0) | 1113.0 (0.0) | 0.011 | 1113.0 (1036.0) | |
| MT attempted? | No | 23 (23.2%) | 18 (20.9%) | 0.843 | 41 (22.2%) |
| Yes | 76 (76.8%) | 68 (79.1%) | 144 (77.8%) | ||
| Type of anesthesia | General | 68 (68.7%) | 64 (74.4%) | 0.561 | 132 (71.4%) |
| Monitored anesthesia care | 8 (8.1%) | 4 (4.6%) | 12 (6.5%) | ||
| MT not attempted | 23 (23.2%) | 18 (20.9%) | 41 (22.2%) | ||
| Door to groin puncture (minutes) | 160.0 (463.2) | 181.5 (574.75) | 0.367 | 170.0 (595.4) | |
| Groin puncture to recanalization (minutes) | 33.0 (79.5) | 46.4 (81.5) | 0.183 | 38.0 (82.4) | |
| Door to recanalization (minutes) | 193.0 (469.0) | 224.5 (552.5) | 0.132 | 209.0 (602.0) | |
| Number of Passes | 1 | 62 (62.6%) | 39 (45.4%) | 0.027 | 101 (54.6%) |
| 2 | 10 (10.1%) | 13 (15.1%) | 23 (12.4%) | ||
| 3 | 1 (1.0%) | 7 (8.1%) | 8 (4.3%) | ||
| 4 | 1 (1.0%) | 6 (7.0%) | 7 (3.8%) | ||
| 5 | 1 (1.0%) | 2 (2.3%) | 3 (1.6%) | ||
| 6 | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.2%) | 1 (0.5%) | ||
| 7 | 1 (1.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.5%) | ||
| MT not attempted | 23 (23.2%) | 18 (20.9%) | 41 (22.2%) | ||
| mTICI | 0 | 2 (2.0%) | 6 (7.0%) | 0.21 | 8 (4.3%) |
| 1 | 1 (1.0%) | 3 (3.5%) | 4 (2.2%) | ||
| 2a | 1 (1.0%) | 4 (4.6%) | 5 (2.7%) | ||
| 2b | 18 (18.2%) | 15 (17.4%) | 33 (17.8%) | ||
| 2c | 8 (8.1%) | 10 (11.6%) | 18 (9.7%) | ||
| 3 | 46 (46.5%) | 30 (34.9%) | 76 (41.1%) | ||
| MT not attempted | 23 (23.2%) | 18 (20.9%) | 41 (22.2%) | ||
| Discharge sodium | 139.0 (3.0) | 140.0 (5.0) | 0.077 | 140.0 (4.0) | |
| Discharge potassium | 4.13 (± 0.39) | 4.3 (0.6) | 0.004 | 4.2 (0.54) | |
| Discharge glucose | 104.0 (24.0) | 113.5 (45.5) | 0.105 | 107.0 (36.0) | |
| Discharge calcium | 8.8 (0.7) | 8.8 (1.0) | 0.062 | 8.8 (0.7) | |
| Discharge BUN | 14.0 (7.0) | 19.0 (11.75) | <0.001 | 16.0 (10.0) | |
| Discharge creatinine | 0.85 (0.36) | 0.9 (0.5) | 0.176 | 0.9 (0.4) | |
| Discharge hematocrit | 36.33 (± 5.4) | 33.22 (± 6.63) | 0.001 | 34.89 (± 6.19) | |
| Discharge hemoglobin | 11.77 (± 1.91) | 10.62 (± 2.33) | <0.001 | 11.24 (± 2.18) | |
| Discharge WBC count | 7.73 (2.54) | 9.98 (4.19) | <0.001 | 8.42 (3.35) | |
| Discharge platelet count (×1000) | 223.0 (104.5) | 258.6 (170.0) | 0.097 | 239.0 (134.0) | |
| Discharge platelet count (×1000) to WBC count ratio | 30.38 (15.82) | 26.24 (12.96) | 0.043 | 28.87 (14.12) | |
| Discharge BMI | 26.97 (9.79) | 27.41 (7.75) | 0.583 | 27.14 (9.15) | |
| Discharge SBP | 126.0 (23.0) | 128.3 (25.5) | 0.916 | 127.0 (23.0) | |
| Discharge DBP | 74.3 (± 13.03) | 67.9 (18.75) | 0.013 | 71.0 (18.0) | |
| Discharge HR | 78.59 (± 15.23) | 76.5 (22.85) | 0.875 | 77.0 (23.0) | |
| Discharge RR | 18.0 (2.0) | 18.0 (4.0) | 0.186 | 18.0 (2.6) | |
| Discharge SpO2 | 97.0 (3.0) | 97.0 (4.0) | 0.434 | 97.0 (3.0) | |
| Discharge NIHSS | 2.0 (3.0) | 9.0 (8.0) | <0.001 | 4.0 (7.2) | |
| NIHSS shift | 9.0 (9.0) | 4.96 (± 5.97) | <0.001 | 7.07 (± 6.39) | |
| 90-day mRS a | 1.0 (2.0) | 5.0 (2.0) | <0.001 | 2.0 (4.0) | |
a Not included as an input in the model. Abbreviations: mRS: Modified Rankin Score; SD: Standard deviation; IQR: Interquartile range; JHU: Johns Hopkins Hospitals; TIA: Transient ischemic attack; BMI: Body mass index; HR: Heart rate; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; RR: Respiratory rate; SI: Shock index; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; WBC: White blood cell; NIHSS: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; CT: Computed tomography; ASPECTS: Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score; MCA: Middle cerebral artery; HI: Hemorrhagic infarction; PH: Parenchymal hematoma; rCBF: Relative cerebral blood flow; Tmax: Time to the maximum of the residue function; CBV: Cerebral blood volume; CTA: Computed tomography angiography; DSA: Digital subtraction angiography; ASITN/SIR: The American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology/Society of Interventional Radiology; IV: Intravenous; tPA: Tissue plasminogen activator; MT: Mechanical thrombectomy; mTICI: Modified treatment in cerebral ischemia.