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. 2023 Feb 1;24(3):2795. doi: 10.3390/ijms24032795

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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IL-1 family ligands and receptors. The IL-1 family of cytokines comprises ligands (spheres) and receptor antagonists (squares). This cytokine family utilizes ten receptors and one structurally related binding protein known as IL-18BP. The receptors may exert pro-inflammatory (red arrows) or anti-inflammatory (green arrows) signals. Most receptors contain three immunoglobulin (Ig) domains and a Toll-IL-1-receptor (TIR) domain, excluding IL-1R8, which only has one Ig domain. IL-1R2 lacks an intracellular TIR domain, and IL-1R8 has a TIR domain with two amino acid substitutions. Receptors act as scavengers in soluble form (#); receptors for which ligand binding is preliminary (*); orphan receptors with no well-established ligands (?). Created with biorender.com.