Table 3.

Clinical research into the signs and symptoms associated with SB and SAHS.

Authors and Year	Type of Study	Objective	M&M	Parameters	Risk of Bias	Conclusions
Tachibana et al. 2016 [36]	CS	To examine the prevalence of sleep bruxism in children in Japan, and its connections to sleep-related factors and daytime problematic behavior	Japanese Sleep Questionnaire for parents and caregivers of 6023 children aged 2–12 years	SAHS, restless legs syndrome, morning symptoms, sleep habits, parasomnias, insufficient sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness, daytime behavior, and insomnia or circadian rhythm disorders.	Low	In total, 21% of children have SB. SB is related to obstructive SAHS through the following symptomatology: night movement, mouth breathing, the head being in a backward position, snoring, apnea–hypopnea, and wheezing.
Laganà et al. 2021 [37]	Cross-sectional CS	Relation between SB and SAHS risk factors	Questionnaires for both parents of 310 children	Personal data, sleep quality, and risk factors for SAHS	Low	In total, 41.3% of the sample had SB and 46.5% of the parents did not know what SB was. Risk factors for SAHS—such as heredity, night sweats, nocturia, mouth breathing, and snoring—seem to correlate with bruxism.

M&M: materials and methods; CS: clinical study.