Table 1.
Evaluation of risk of bias in studies included (n = 168) using the QUADAS-2 tool.
| Sr. No. [Citation] | Data Selection: Risk of Bias/Applicability Concerns | Index Test: Risk of Bias/Applicability Concerns | Reference Standard: Risk of Bias/Applicability Concerns | Flow and Timing: Risk of Bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. [12] | high/high | low/high | high/high | low |
| 2. [13] | low/low | low/low | low/low | low |
| 3. [14] | high/low | low/low | low/low | low |
| 4. [15] | low/low | low/high | high/high | low |
| 5. [16] | low/low | low/low | low/low | low |
| 6. [17] | high/high | low/high | high/high | low |
| 7. [18] | high/high | low/low | high/low | low |
| 8. [19] | low/low | low/high | low/low | low |
| 9. [20] | low/low | low/low | low/high | low |
| 10. [21] | high/high | low/low | high/low | low |
| 11. [22] | high/high | low/low | high/high | low |
| 12. [23] | high/low | high/low | high/low | low |
| 13. [24] | low/high | low/low | high/high | low |
| 14. [25] | high/high | high/low | low/low | low |
| 15. [26] | low/low | high/low | low/low | low |
| 16. [27] | high/low | low/low | high/low | low |
| 17. [28] | high/high | low/low | high/low | low |
| 18. [29] | high/low | low/low | high/low | low |
| 19. [30] | high/high | low/low | high/low | low |
| 20. [31] | high/high | low/high | high/low | low |
| 21. [32] | high/high | high/high | high/high | low |
| 22. [33] | low/low | low/low | low/low | low |
| 23. [34] | low/high | low/low | low/high | low |
| 24. [35] | high/high | low/low | low/low | low |
| 25. [36] | low/low | low/low | low/low | low |
| 26. [37] | high/high | low/low | high/low | low |
| 27. [38] | high/high | low/low | high/low | low |
| 28. [39] | high/high | low/low | high/low | low |
| 29. [40] | high/high | high/low | high/low | low |
| 30. [41] | low/low | low/low | low/low | low |
| 31. [42] | high/low | high/low | low/low | low |
| 32. [43] | low/high | low/high | low/high | low |
| 33. [44] | low/low | high/low | high/low | low |
| 34. [45] | high/high | low/high | low/high | low |
| 35. [46] | high/low | low/low | low/low | low |
| 36. [47] | high/high | low/low | low/low | low |
| 37. [48] | high/high | low/high | low/high | low |
| 38. [49] | low/low | low/low | high/low | low |
| 39. [50] | low/high | low/low | high/low | high |
| 40. [51] | low/high | low/low | low/low | low |
| 41. [52] | high/low | low/high | high/low | low |
| 42. [53] | high/high | low/low | low/low | high |
| 43. [54] | low/low | low/high | low/high | low |
| 44. [55] | high/high | low/low | high/low | low |
| 45. [56] | high/high | low/high | high/low | low |
| 46. [57] | high/high | low/low | high/high | low |
| 47. [58] | high/high | high/high | high/high | low |
| 48. [59] | low/high | low/low | high/high | low |
| 49. [60] | low/high | low/low | high/high | low |
| 50. [61] | low/low | low/low | high/low | high |
| 51. [62] | high/high | low/low | high/low | low |
| 52. [63] | low/high | low/high | high/high | low |
| 53. [64] | high/high | high/high | high/high | low |
| 54. [65] | high/high | low/low | high/low | low |
| 55. [66] | low/high | low/low | high/low | low |
| 56. [67] | high/high | low/high | low/high | low |
| 57. [68] | low/high | low/low | low/low | high |
| 58. [69] | low/low | low/low | low/low | low |
| 59. [70] | high/high | low/low | low/low | low |
| 60. [71] | low/low | low/low | low/low | low |
| 61. [72] | low/high | low/low | high/low | low |
| 62. [73] | low/low | low/low | high/low | low |
| 63. [74] | low/low | low/low | low/low | low |
| 64. [75] | low/low | low/low | low/low | low |
| 65. [76] | low/low | low/low | low/low | low |
| 66. [77] | high/high | high/low | high/low | low |
| 67. [78] | high/low | high/low | high/low | low |
| 68. [79] | high/low | high/low | high/low | low |
| 69. [80] | high/low | high/low | low/low | low |
| 70. [81] | low/low | low/low | low/low | low |
| 71. [82] | low/low | low/low | high/low | low |
| 72. [83] | low/low | low/low | low/low | low |
| 73. [84] | high/low | low/low | high/low | low |
| 74. [85] | low/low | low/low | low/low | high |
| 75. [86] | high/high | low/low | low/low | low |
| 76. [87] | high/high | high/low | low/low | low |
| 77. [88] | low/low | low/low | low/low | low |
| 78. [89] | high/high | high/high | high/high | low |
| 79. [90] | high/high | high/high | high/high | low |
| 80. [91] | high/high | low/low | high/low | low |
| 81. [92] | low/low | low/low | high/low | low |
| 82. [93] | low/high | low/low | high/high | low |
| 83. [94] | low/low | low/low | low/low | high |
| 84. [95] | high/high | high/low | high/high | low |
| 85. [96] | low/high | high/low | high/high | low |
| 86. [97] | high/high | low/high | low/high | low |
| 87. [98] | high/high | low/low | low/low | low |
| 88. [99] | low/high | low/high | high/high | low |
| 89. [100] | low/high | low/high | high/high | low |
| 90. [101] | low/high | low/low | low/high | low |
| 91. [102] | high/high | low/low | high/low | low |
| 92. [103] | low/low | low/low | low/low | low |
| 93. [4] | high/low | low/high | high/high | low |
| 94. [104] | low/low | low/low | high/low | low |
| 95. [105] | high/high | low/high | high/low | low |
| 96. [106] | low/high | low/low | low/high | low |
| 97. [107] | low/low | low/low | high/low | low |
| 98. [108] | low/low | low/low | low/low | low |
| 99. [109] | high/high | high/low | high/low | low |
| 100. [110] | low/low | low/low | high/low | low |
| 101. [111] | low/low | low/low | high/low | low |
| 102. [112] | high/low | high/low | high/high | low |
| 103. [113] | high/high | low/low | low/high | high |
| 104. [3] | low/high | low/low | low/low | low |
| 105. [114] | low/low | low/low | low/low | low |
| 106. [115] | low/low | low/low | low/low | low |
| 107. [116] | high/high | high/low | high/low | low |
| 108. [117] | high/low | high/low | low/low | low |
| 109. [118] | high/high | low/low | high/low | low |
| 110. [119] | low/low | low/low | low/low | low |
| 111. [120] | low/low | low/high | high/high | low |
| 112. [121] | low/low | low/low | high/low | low |
| 113. [122] | high/high | high/low | low/low | low |
| 114. [123] | low/low | low/low | low/low | low |
| 115. [124] | low/high | low/low | high/low | low |
| 116. [125] | high/high | low/low | low/high | low |
| 117. [126] | high/low | high/low | high/low | high |
| 118. [127] | high/high | low/low | high/low | low |
| 119. [128] | low/low | high/low | low/low | low |
| 120. [129] | high/low | low/low | low/low | low |
| 121. [130] | high/high | low/low | high/low | high |
| 122. [131] | high/low | high/low | high/low | low |
| 123. [132] | high/high | low/low | high/low | low |
| 124. [133] | high/high | low/low | high/low | high |
| 125. [134] | low/high | high/low | high/low | low |
| 126. [135] | high/low | high/low | low/low | low |
| 127. [136] | high/low | high/low | high/low | low |
| 128. [137] | high/low | high/high | low/low | low |
| 129. [138] | low/high | low/high | high/low | low |
| 130. [139] | high/low | low/low | low/low | low |
| 131. [140] | high/low | low/high | high/high | low |
| 132. [141] | low/low | low/low | high/low | low |
| 133. [142] | high/high | low/low | high/low | low |
| 134. [143] | high/high | low/low | low/low | low |
| 135. [144] | high/high | low/low | high/low | low |
| 136. [145] | high/high | high/low | high/low | low |
| 137. [146] | high/high | low/low | high/low | low |
| 138. [147] | high/low | high/low | low/low | low |
| 139. [148] | high/high | low/low | high/low | low |
| 140. [149] | high/high | low/high | high/high | low |
| 141. [150] | high/high | low/high | high/high | low |
| 142. [151] | low/high | low/low | high/high | low |
| 143. [152] | high/high | low/high | high/high | low |
| 144. [153] | high/low | low/low | high/low | low |
| 145. [154] | low/low | low/high | high/high | low |
| 146. [155] | low/low | high/low | low/low | low |
| 147. [156] | low/high | low/low | low/low | low |
| 148. [157] | high/high | high/low | high/low | high |
| 149. [158] | low/low | low/low | low/low | low |
| 150. [159] | low/high | low/high | low/high | low |
| 151. [160] | high/low | low/high | low/low | low |
| 152. [161] | low/low | high/low | high/low | high |
| 153. [162] | high/low | low/low | low/high | low |
| 154. [163] | low/low | low/high | low/high | low |
| 155. [164] | high/low | low/low | high/low | low |
| 156. [165] | low/low | low/low | high/low | low |
| 157. [166] | low/high | low/high | high/high | high |
| 158. [167] | low/low | low/low | low/low | low |
| 159. [168] | low/low | low/low | high/low | low |
| 160. [169] | low/high | high/low | high/high | low |
| 161. [170] | high/high | low/low | low/low | low |
| 162. [171] | low/low | low/low | high/low | low |
| 163. [172] | low/low | low/low | low/low | low |
| 164. [173] | low/low | low/low | high/low | low |
| 165. [174] | low/low | low/low | low/low | low |
| 166. [175] | high/high | high/high | high/high | low |
| 167. [176] | high/high | high/low | low/low | low |
| 168. [177] | high/high | low/low | high/low | low |