Table 7.
Targets affected by quercetin free form in HCC experimental models.
| Cell (or Animal) Model | Concentration | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| KIM-1, KYN-1, -2, -3, HAK-1A, -1B, -2, -3, -4, -5, and -6 | 50–100 µM | Growth inhibition; apoptosis induction; cell cycle blockage | [131] |
| HepG2 | 40 µM | Apoptosis induction; increase in intracellular ROS dependent on upregulation of PIG3 expression | [132] |
| Huh-7, HepG2 | 80 µM | Decrease in ROS; decrease in PI3K p85α subunit phosphorylation, total PKC activity, PKCα and COX-2 protein level; increase in p53 | [133,134] |
| HepG2 | 50 µM | JNK activation; decreased ERK and AKT phosphorylation level; decreased nuclear translocation of NF-κB; increased nuclear translocation of AP-1 | [139] |
| LM3 (Xenograft) |
90 µM (100 mg/kg) |
Growth inhibition; autophagy and apoptosis induction; decrease in invasiveness, EMT and migration; reduced JAK2 and STAT3 phosphorylation levels | [140] |
| SMMC-7721, HepG2 (Xenograft) |
40 µM (100 mg/kg) |
Autophagy induction by inhibition of AKT/mTOR pathway and increase in MAPKs activities | [141] |
| Huh-7 | 7–30 µM (+HGF or +TNF-α) |
Reduced cell migration, PI3K/AKT pathway; E-cadherin increase | [142] |
| Bel-7402, SMMC-7721 (Xenograft) |
<50 µM (50 mg/kg) |
Inhibition of cell viability, downregulation of HK2 | [143] |
| Huh-7 | 82.7 µM | Increased expression of miR-1275; degradation of IGF2BPs mRNA | [146] |
| HepG2 | 12.9 µM | Downregulation of Sp1 | [147] |
| HepG2 | 50 µM | Induction of apoptosis; influence of chymotrypsin-like proteasomal activity; ERK1/ERK2 decreased activity; decrease in proteasome β expression | [148] |
| HepG2 | 40 µM | Increase in aggregation of F-actin, cytoskeleton disruption and membrane perturbation | [149] |
| (HCC-induced mice) | (100 or 25 mg/mL, before or after HCC induction, respectively) | Normalization of hepatic enzymes; reduction in liver oxidative stress; decrease in CK2-α and Notch and Hedgehog pathways | [150] |
CK2-α: casein kinase 2 alpha; HGF: hepatocyte growth factor; HK2: hexokinase 2; IGF2BP: insulin-like growth factor-2 binding proteins; PI3K: phospho-inositol-3 kinase; PIG3: p53-inducible gene 3.