Table 5.
Factors associated with nonadherence to typical antipsychotic medications among patients with schizophrenia.
| Variable | Bivariate logistic regression | Multivariate logistic regression | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude odds ratio (95% confidence interval) | p value | Adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) | p value | |
| Age | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) | 0.724 | ||
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 1 | |||
| Male | 0.67 (0.26–1.72) | 0.406 | ||
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | 1 | |||
| Married/cohabiting | 1.13 (0.36–3.52) | 0.828 | ||
| Separated/divorced | 0.88 (0.27–2.89) | 0.836 | ||
| Level of education | ||||
| None | Omitted | Omitted | ||
| Primary | 8.21 (1.00–67.55) | 0.050 | 7.36 (0.56–95.92) | 0.127 |
| Secondary | 10.06 (1.23–82.33) | 0.031 | 10.99 (0.79–152.17) | 0.074 |
| Tertiary | 1 (ref) | 1 | ||
| Area residence | ||||
| Rural | 1 | |||
| Urban | 0.94 (0.37–2.37) | 0.892 | ||
| Poverty line | ||||
| Above | 1 | 1 | ||
| Below | 1.96 (0.77–4.95) | 0.157 | 7.15 (1.39–36.67) | 0.018 |
| Substance use | ||||
| No | 1 | |||
| Yes | 0.64 (0.20–2.06) | 0.458 | ||
| Distance from the hospital | 1.02 (0.99–1.03) | 0.108 | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 0.521 |
| Presence of a comorbidity | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Ye | 1.78 (0.61–5.20) | 0.293 | 2.05 (0.40–10.64) | 0.391 |
| Insight for psychosis | ||||
| Good | 1 | |||
| Poor | 0.85 (0.29–2.51) | 0.772 | ||
| Attitude towards typical antipsychotic | ||||
| Negative | 1 | |||
| Positive | 1.40 (0.48–4.11) | 0.538 | ||
| Duration of treatment (in years) | 0.97 (0.91–1.04) | 0.456 | ||
| Satisfaction with medication | 1.23 (0.77–197) | 0.379 | ||
| Burdened by the number of pills | ||||
| No | 1 | |||
| Yes | 1.08 (0.42–2.81) | 0.868 | ||
| Number of pills | 0.79 (0.60–1.04) | 0.091 | 0.85 (0.52–1.38) | 0.511 |
| Frequency of daily drug taking | ||||
| Once | 1 | 1 | ||
| Twice | 0.56 (0.21–1.52) | 0.257 | 0.43 (0.08–2.18) | 0.308 |
| Three times | 0.27 (0.03–2.28) | 0.232 | 0.36 (0.02–7.32) | 0.507 |
| Four or more times | 3.85 (0.22–65.71) | 0.352 | 4.18 (0.08–228.96) | 0.483 |
| Frequency of drug stoke out at the facility for patients' medications | ||||
| Never | 1 | |||
| Rarely | 2.12 (0.20–21.88) | 0.529 | ||
| Sometimes | 1.64 (0.19–14.37) | 0.657 | ||
| Often | 1.42 (0.13–15.64) | 0.774 | ||
| Always | 2.77 (0.26–29.04) | 0.396 | ||
| Level of social support from family and friends | 0.87 (0.56–1.37) | 0.559 | ||
| Satisfaction with health workers' explanations of drug use and side effects | 0.91 (0.65–1.28) | 0.595 | ||
| Stop medications due to religious or cultural beliefs | ||||
| No | 1 | |||
| Yes | 1.27 (0.49–3.31) | 0.620 | ||
| Loss of energy or drive | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 0.22 (0.09–0.59) | 0.002 | 0.15 (0.03–0.81) | 0.028 |
| Feeling unmotivated | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 0.41 (0.16–1.09) | 0.073 | 2.18 (0.35–13.47) | 0.401 |
| Day time sedation | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 0.59 (0.24–1.49) | 0.266 | 1.59 (0.36–6.99) | 0.535 |
| Too much sleep | ||||
| No | 1 | |||
| Yes | 0.84 (0.33–2.13) | 0.715 | ||
| Muscle too stiff | ||||
| No | 1 | |||
| Yes | 1.42 (0.52–3.83) | 0.492 | ||
| Shaking | ||||
| No | 1 | |||
| Yes | 0.61 (0.22–1.68) | 0.339 | ||
| Jittery | ||||
| No | 1 | |||
| Yes | 0.63 (0.21–1.84) | 0.397 | ||
| Akathisia | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 0.48 (0.13–1.74) | 0.264 | 0.68 (0.12–3.94) | 0.671 |
| Trouble waking up | ||||
| No | 1 | |||
| Yes | 0.95 (0.38–2.36) | 0.909 | ||
| Vision problems | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 0.49 0.16–1.57) | 0.233 | 0.42 (0.08–2.06) | 0.282 |
| Dry mouth | ||||
| No | 1 | |||
| Yes | 0.88 (0.33–2.35) | 0.807 | ||
| Drooling of saliva | ||||
| No | 1 | |||
| Yes | 0.89 (0.24–3.34) | 0.865 | ||
| Memory problems | ||||
| No | 1 | |||
| Yes | 0.94 (0.38–2.36) | 0.901 | ||
| Constipation | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1.73 (0.66–4.57) | 0.265 | 2.45 (0.59–10.13) | 0.217 |
| Weight changes | ||||
| Decrease | 0.29 (0.06–1.54) | 0.148 | 1.34 (0.18–9.85) | 0.772 |
| Increase | 0.60 (0.22–1.64) | 0.318 | 6.66 (0.73–60.51) | 0.092 |
| No change | 1 | 1 | ||
| Sexual arousal problems | ||||
| No | 1 | |||
| Yes | 1.06 (0.42–2.65) | 0.901 | ||
| Menstrual changes | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 2.27 (0.77–6.67) | 0.135 | 1.22 (0.26–5.60) | 0.798 |
| Total number of side effects experienced | 0.89 (0.76–1.04) | 0.138 | ||