Table 1.
The general characteristics of the study population
| Total | Diabetes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | |||
| N = 69,210 | n = 5,123 (7.4) | n = 64,087 (92.6) | P value | |
| Female sex | 41,845 (60.5) | 2,497 (48.7) | 39,348 (61.4) | <0.01 |
| Age <65 years | 58,664 (84.8) | 3,815 (74.5) | 54,849 (85.6) | <0.01 |
| Income, ¥ | <0.01 | |||
| <12,000 | 12,196 (17.6) | 1,038 (20.3) | 11,158 (17.4) | |
| 12,000–19,999 | 11,987 (17.3) | 930 (18.2) | 11,057 (17.3) | |
| 20,000–59,999 | 25,063 (36.2) | 1,789 (34.9) | 23,274 (36.3) | |
| 60,000–99,999 | 10,454 (15.1) | 748 (14.6) | 9,706 (15.1) | |
| ≥100,000 | 9,510 (13.7) | 618 (12.1) | 8,892 (13.9) | |
| Education | <0.01 | |||
| Bachelor degree or above | 2,998 (4.3) | 140 (2.7) | 2,858 (4.5) | |
| Junior college | 4,964 (7.2) | 255 (5.0) | 4,709 (7.3) | |
| High school | 8,535 (12.3) | 629 (12.3) | 7,906 (12.3) | |
| Junior high school | 18,928 (27.3) | 1,282 (25.0) | 17,646 (27.5) | |
| Primary school | 17,747 (25.6) | 1,366 (26.7) | 16,381 (25.6) | |
| Illiteracy | 16,038 (23.2) | 1,451 (28.3) | 14,587 (22.8) | |
| Han ethnicity | 43,730 (63.2) | 3,213 (62.7) | 40,517 (63.2) | 0.47 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Never smoked | 51,326 (74.2) | 3,312 (64.6) | 48,014 (74.9) | <0.01 |
| Second-hand smoke | 35,830 (51.8) | 2,522 (49.2) | 33,308 (52.0) | <0.01 |
| Indoor air pollution | 0.06 | |||
| Severe | 10,969 (15.8) | 846 (16.5) | 10,123 (15.8) | |
| Moderate | 54,737 (79.1) | 3,990 (77.9) | 50,747 (79.2) | |
| Light | 3,504 (5.1) | 287 (5.6) | 3,217 (5.0) | |
| BMI level | <0.01 | |||
| Low weight | 2,623 (3.8) | 101 (2.0) | 2,522 (3.9) | |
| Moderate weight | 32,915 (47.6) | 1,584 (30.9) | 31,331 (48.9) | |
| Overweight | 33,672 (48.7) | 3,438 (67.1) | 30,234 (47.2) | |
| MET level | <0.01 | |||
| 1 | 15,592 (22.5) | 1,569 (30.6) | 14,023 (21.9) | |
| 2 | 17,029 (24.6) | 1,185 (23.1) | 15,844 (24.7) | |
| 3 | 18,047 (26.1) | 1,208 (23.6) | 16,839 (26.3) | |
| 4 | 18,542 (26.8) | 1,161 (22.7) | 17,381 (27.1) | |
| Alcohol, never drinker | 38,302 (55.3) | 2,813 (54.9) | 35,489 (55.4) | 0.52 |
| MED level | <0.01 | |||
| 1 | 20,679 (29.9) | 1,766 (34.5) | 18,913 (29.5) | |
| 2 | 17,154 (24.8) | 1,283 (25.0) | 15,871 (24.8) | |
| 3 | 16,583 (24.0) | 1,122 (21.9) | 15,461 (24.1) | |
| 4 | 14,794 (21.4) | 952 (18.6) | 13,842 (21.6) | |
| Air pollutants, μg/m3, mean (SD) | ||||
| PM2.5 | 40.29 (20.56) | 40.79 (20.26) | 40.25 (20.58) | 0.07 |
| BC | 2.07 (1.10) | 2.10 (1.09) | 2.07 (1.10) | 0.10 |
| Ammonium | 6.43 (3.28) | 6.50 (3.22) | 6.42 (3.29) | 0.16 |
| Nitrate | 8.25 (5.33) | 8.37 (5.29) | 8.24 (5.34) | 0.05 |
| OM | 9.02 (4.86) | 9.15 (4.82) | 9.01 (4.86) | 0.03 |
| Sulfate | 10.80 (4.76) | 10.90 (4.64) | 10.80 (4.77) | 0.41 |
| SOIL | 3.22 (1.68) | 3.27 (1.66) | 3.21 (1.68) | 0.03 |
| SS | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.16 |
Data are presented as n (%), unless indicated otherwise.