Fig. 9. Pharmacological inhibition of microbial BSH alleviated colon cancer.

a–d Cdx2Apc^f/w mice were fed with HFD for 10 weeks, and then the mice were colonized with BF BSH^high and fed with HFD or HFD with compound 7 for another 2 weeks. The colon tumor tissues were used for flow cytometry analysis (n = 4 independent samples/group). Flow cytometry analysis determined the FOXP⁺CD25⁺ T_reg cells (a) and CD8⁺ T cells (b) in colon tumor tissues. The portion of FOXP⁺CD25⁺ T_reg cells in CD4⁺ T cells (c) and CD8⁺ T cells in total T cells (d). Two-tailed Student’s t test. e–k Under BF BSH^high colonization, Cdx2Apc^f/w mice were fed with HFD or HFD with compound 7 for 12 weeks (n = 13 mice for Vehicle; n = 11 mice for C7). e Unconjugated bile acid profiles in colon contents. Mann–Whitney U test with two-sided. The ileum (f) and colon (g) tumor incidence, and tumor numbers with different sizes (<4 mm², >4 mm² and the sum of both). Mann–Whitney U test with two-sided. h Relative mRNA levels of WNT target genes and Ccl28 in colon tumor tissues. Mann–Whitney U test with two-sided. i WB data of CCL28 and proteins involved in WNT signaling (n = 3 independent samples/group). j, k Representative pictures of colon (left), gross images of tumor (top right) in the colon and H&E staining (bottom right) of colon tumor sections. Scale bars: 1.5 mm (top right) and 100 μm (bottom right). Representative IHC staining of Ki-67 (l) and TUNEL (m). n = 9 independent slides for Vehicle; n = 9 independent slides for C7. Scale bars: 100 μm. Data are presented as mean values +/− SEM in (c–h). Source data are provided as a Source Data File for Fig. 9.