Table 2.

Demographic and clinical factors associated with survival on Cox-proportional hazards models.

Covariate	Univariate analysis			Adjusted analysis
	HR	95% CI	p-Value	HR	95% CI	p-Value
Gender
Male	Reference
Female	1.35	1.01–1.81	0.046∗
Age, every year increase	1.04	1.03–1.05	<0.001∗	1.03	1.02–1.04	<0.001∗
Race
Chinese	Reference
Malay	0.68	0.43–1.05	0.085
Indian	0.90	0.62–1.31	0.589
Other	0.26	0.10–0.69	0.007∗
Bystander CPR
No	Reference
Yes	0.89	0.68–1.15	0.362
Arrest witnessed
No	Reference
Yes	0.96	0.68–1.34	0.793
Hypothermia therapy initiated
No	Reference
Yes	0.90	0.68–1.20	0.482
EMS ambulance response time
≤8 min	Reference
>8 min	0.95	0.73–1.24	0.713
Shockable first arrest rhythm
Non-shockable	Reference			Reference
Shockable	0.44	0.33–0.58	<0.001∗	0.70	0.52–0.93	0.015∗
Unknown	0.40	0.22–0.73	0.003∗	0.45	0.24–0.82	0.010∗
Cerebral Performance Category
1-2	Reference			Reference
3-4	4.20	3.23–5.46	<0.001∗	4.62	3.17–6.75	<0.001∗

HR: Hazard ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; CPR: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation; EMS: Emergency medical services. ∗p value < 0.05.