Table 2.
Mean (and standard deviation) consumption of micro-, macronutrients and major food groups intake according to quartiles of UFP consumption.
| UPF Consumption | p-Value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||
| mean (SD) | |||||
| Energy intake (kcal/d) | 2045.88 (873.58) | 2067.57 (738.74) | 2008.67 (821.52) | 2283.99 (1105.62) * | 0.019 |
| Energy intake (kJ/d) | 8230.25 (3651.25) | 8378.72 (3084.12) | 8186.26 (3446.88) | 9275.7 (4593.52) * | 0.023 |
| Macronutrients | |||||
| Carbohydrates (g/d) | 304.47 (141.20) | 315.29 (124.31) | 294.34 (128.04) | 313.02 (152.21) | 0.493 |
| Fiber (g/d) | 39.42 (31.57) | 33.75 (15.72) | 31.34 (15.98) | 31.05 (19.5) * | 0.008 |
| Protein (g/d) | 92.86 (53.88) | 89.59 (34.09) | 86.08 (40.07) | 94.05 (47.70) | 0.324 |
| Fat (g/d) | 54.51 (24.17) | 55.69 (20.12) | 59.07 (23.87) | 77.84 (41.13) ** | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol (mg/d) | 173.69 (129.47) | 178.7 (80.11) | 190.19 (112.56) | 244.64 (131.42) ** | <0.001 |
| SFA | 19.93 (8.74) | 21.35 (8.02) | 22.49 (8.60) | 31.50 (16.31) ** | <0.001 |
| MUFA | 23.74 (9.41) | 24.07 (8.32) | 25.23 (10.66) | 31.15 (15.85) ** | <0.001 |
| PUFA | 11.17 (5.89) | 10.68 (4.41) | 11.36 (7.11) | 12.91 (8.23) * | 0.019 |
| Total Omega-3 | 1.73 (0.96) | 1.66 (0,78) | 1.57 (0.73) | 1.61 (0.77) | 0.509 |
| Micronutrients | |||||
| Vitamin A (Retinol) | 950.29 (571.75) | 942.28 (449.58) | 868.43 (425.27) | 898.99 (491.21) | 0.452 |
| Vitamin C (mg/d) | 195.19 (185.64) | 178.35 (108.56) | 164.96 (101.98) | 155.92 (106.05) | 0.062 |
| Vitamin E (mg/d) | 9.30 (4.67) | 8.82 (3.53) | 8.95 (3.85) | 9.87 (5.74) | 0.141 |
| Vitamin B12 | 8.34 (18.02) | 6.78 (4.56) | 7.01 (6.56) | 7.99 (6.79) | 0.421 |
| Vitamin D | 5.29 (5.52) | 5.60 (4.98) | 5.94 (7.67) | 6.19 (8.41) | 0.769 |
| Sodium (mg/d) | 2890.45 (1136.79) | 3151.52 (1158.34) | 2953.90 (985.94) | 3302.72 (1599.08) * | 0.020 |
| Potassium (mg/d) | 4299.95 (3013.97) | 3892.82 (1545.45) | 3731.17 (1894.24) | 3948.06 (2143.45) | 0.243 |
| Foods | |||||
| Cereals (g/d) | 236.26 (144.97) | 256.83 (139.76) | 208.58 (112.36) | 167.70 (121.70) ** | <0.001 |
| Vegetables (g/d) | 334.55 (304.85) | 283.70 (143.48) | 257.64 (143,.60) | 256.29 (170.06) * | 0.006 |
| Fruit (g/d) | 506.21 (458.81) | 409.42 (343.75) | 406.27 (364.51) | 371.04 (320.63) * | 0.042 |
| Legumes (g/d) | 334.55 (304.85) | 283.70 (143.48) | 257.64 (143.60) | 256.29 (170.06) * | 0.009 |
| Nuts (total, g/d) | 17.05 (20.58) | 16.64 (20.74) | 18.35 (22.60) | 25.44 (72.74) | 0.253 |
| Fish (g/d) | 77.90 (120.38) | 66.18 (66.88) | 78.99 (116.29) | 67.80 (88.37) | 0.569 |
| Eggs (g/d) | 1.89 (3.49) | 2.53 (5.12) | 2.80 (5.40) | 2.13 (4.33) | 0.396 |
| Meat (total, g/d) | 76.71 (47.87) | 74.43 (47.43) | 66.97 (37.27) | 77.03 (34.53) * | 0.077 |
| Red meat (g/d) | 34.23 (22.52) | 35.28 (25.67) | 35.03 (31.88) | 35.81 (22.68) | 0.973 |
| Processed Meat (g/d) | 13.05 (12.45) | 17.71 (15.67) | 18.03 (14.09) | 31.45 (31.46) ** | <0.001 |
| Dairy products (g/d) | 216.86 (187,86) | 238.17 (166,41) | 176.12 (155,34) | 155,33 (204.18) * | 0.019 |
| Alcohol (total, g/d) | 8.15 (13.42) | 5.06 (7.25) | 5.43 (7.54) | 6.30 (9.35) | 0.078 |
| Olive oil (ml/d) | 7.10 (3.10) | 7.15 (3.04) | 6.44 (2.91) | 6.22 (3.08) * | 0.018 |
* indicates p <0.05 for ANOVA analysis, ** indicates p <0.001 for ANOVA analysis.