Table 1.
Biological properties of different parts (fruits, leaves, roots, seeds, and buds) of C. spinosa in in vitro and in vivo models.
| Part of C. spinosa | Type of Extract/Fraction or Other/Dose | Experimental Model | Biological Properties | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fruits | Hydroalcoholic extract; 300 mg/kg; 12 days | Diabetic rats (in vivo model) | Antidiabetic properties | [34] |
| Fruits | Hydroalcoholic extract; 200 and 800 mg/kg; 28 days | Diabetic rats (in vivo model) | Antidiabetic activity and hypolipidemic properties | [35] |
| Fruits | Hydroalcoholic extract; 200 and 800 mg/kg; 28 days | Diabetic rats (in vivo model) | Antidiabetic properties | [36] |
| Fruits | Hydroalcoholic extract; 20 and 30 mg/kg; 28 days | Diabetic rats (in vivo model) | Antidiabetic activity and hypolipidemic properties | [37,38] |
| Fruits | Alcoholic extract; 20 mg/kg; 14 days | Diabetic rats (in vivo model) | Antidiabetic activity and anti-obesity properties | [32] |
| Fruits | Alcoholic extract; 20 mg/kg; 28 days | Diabetic rats (in vivo model) | Antidiabetic activity and hypolipidemic properties | [39] |
| Fruits | Hydroalcoholic extract; 400 mg/kg three times a day; 60 days | Type 2 diabetic patients (in vivo model) | Antidiabetic activity and hypolipidemic properties | [24] |
| Fruits | Ethanolic extract; 10, 50, and 100 g/mL | Systemic sclerosis dermal fibroblasts (in vitro model) | Antioxidant properties | [27] |
| Fruits | Hydro-ethanolic extract; 400 mg/kg | Diabetic rats (in vivo model) | Antidiabetic activity and antioxidant properties | [25] |
| Fruits | Aqueous extract; 150 mg/kg; 20 days | Hypertensive rats (in vivo model) | Anti-hypertensive properties | [40] |
| Fruits | Hydro-alcoholic extract; 30, 60, and 120 mg/kg | Mice (in vivo model) | Hypnotic activity | [41] |
| Fruits | Daily caper fruit pickle consumption (40–50 g for eight) | Hyperlipidemic human patients (in vivo model) | Hypolipidemic properties | [33] |
| Fruits | Extract; 20 mg/kg/day; for 12 weeks | Wistar rats with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (in vivo model) | Anti-hepatotoxic properties | [42] |
| Fruits | Ethanol extract; 0.17–1.7 mg/mL | Dendritic cells (in vitro model) | Anti-inflammatory properties | [17] |
| Fruits | Water extract; 200 and 400 mg/kg/day; 7 days | Ulcerative colitis mice (in vivo model) | Anti-inflammatory activity and antioxidant properties | [21] |
| Fruits | Hydroalcoholic extract; 6 weeks | Rat model of Alzheimer disease (in vivo model) | Anti-inflammatory properties | [10] |
| Fruits | N-butanol extract; 1–100 µg/mL | SGC-7901 cells (in vitro model) | Anti-cancer properties | [43,44] |
| Leaves | Phenolic extract; 15 and 25 mg/kg; 28 days | Diabetic rats (in vivo model) | Antidiabetic properties | [45] |
| Leaves | Methanol extract; 1.07 and 0.428 g/kg, for 2,3,4 and 7 days | Swiss albino mice (in vivo model) | Anti-inflammatory properties | [19] |
| Leaves | Aqueous fraction and crude extract; 10, 100, and 500 µg/mL | Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (in vitro model) | Anti-inflammatory properties | [16] |
| Leaves | Methanol extract; 100–4000 mg/kg/day | Mice infected with S. monsoni (in vivo model) | Anti-hepatotoxic properties | [46] |
| Leaves | Hydroalcoholic extract; 400 mg/kg/day; 5 days | Swiss albino mice (in vivo model) | Anti-hepatotoxic activity and antioxidant properties | [47] |
| Leaves | Ethanolic extract; 50–500 mg/kg bw | Mice treated with KBrO3 (in vivo model) | Antioxidant properties | [30] |
| Roots | Hydroalcoholic extract; 200 and 400 mg/kg; 28 days | Diabetic rats (in vivo model) | Antidiabetic activity and hypolipidemic properties | [23] |
| Roots | Extract; 300 mg/kg | Male Spraque-Dawley rats (in vivo model) | Anti-inflammatory properties | [18] |
| Roots | Hydroalcoholic extract; 0.2 and 04 g/kg/day; 4 weeks | Diabetic rats (in vivo model) | Antidiabetic properties | [23] |
| Seeds | Hydroalcoholic extract; 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg; 21 days | Diabetic rats (in vivo model) | Antidiabetic activity and hypolipidemic properties | [48] |
| Seeds | Phenolic extract; 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; 8 weeks | Mice with Alzheimer’s disease (in vivo model) | Antioxidant properties | [49] |
| Buds | Aqueous extract; 10 and 30 mg/kg; 7 days | Rats with Alzheimer disease (in vivo model) | Antioxidant properties | [29] |
| Buds | Phenolic extract | α-glucosidase and α-amylase (in vitro model) | Antidiabetic properties | [11] |
| Flowers | Ethanolic extract; 7, 14, and 28 mg/kg/day; 15 days | Arthritis rat model (in vivo model) | Anti-inflammatory properties | [22] |
| Aerial parts of plant | Hydroalcoholic extract; 62.5–1000 µg/mL; 24, 48 and 72 h | MCF7, HeLa and Saos cancer lines (in vitro model) | Anti-cancer activity and antioxidant properties | [50] |
| Aerial parts of plant | Hydroalcoholic extract; 100 and 300 mg/kg/day; 4 weeks | Rats (in vivo model) | Anti-inflammatory properties | [20] |
| Aerial parts of plant | Hydroalcoholic extract; 10–300 µg/mL | Rat cells (in vitro model) | Anti-inflammatory properties | [20] |