Table 4.
Metabolite content (in mg/g DW) in aqueous extracts of cauliflower and globe artichoke byproducts.
| Metabolite | Globe Artichoke | Cauliflower | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| L | S | L | S | F | |
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |
| Amino acids | |||||
| Alanine | 0.30 ± 0.017 a | 0.29 ± 0.015 a | 4.72 ± 0.22 a | 1.96 ± 0.02 b | 7.01 ± 0.05 c |
| Arginine | 5.23 ± 0.22 | 3.90 ± 0.45 | |||
| Asparagine | 14.48 ± 1.45 a | 2.59 ± 0.43 b | 4.04 ± 0.27 a | 2.78 ± 0.05 b | 6.83 ± 0.13 c |
| Aspartate | 1.11 ± 0.19 a | 0.28 ± 0.036 b | 2.41 ± 0.23 a | 2.66 ± 0.30 a | 6.03 ± 0.14 b |
| GABA | 4.27 ± 0.14 a | 1.18 ± 0.12 b | 4.68 ± 0.20 c | ||
| Glutamate | 1.41 ± 0.12 a | 0.55 ± 0.058 b | 2.76 ± 0.09 a | 1.97 ± 0.17 b | 3.86 ± 0.07 c |
| Glutamine | 1.52 ± 0.065 a | 0.70 ± 0.264 b | 9.78 ± 0.64 a | 12.19 ± 0.45 b | 37.63 ± 0.54 c |
| Histidine | 0.27 ± 0.093 a | 0.039 ± 0.011 b | 1.06 ± 0.02 a | 0.21 ± 0.019 b | 1.09 ± 0.01 a |
| Isoleucine | 0.12 ± 0.013 a | 0.058 ± 0.0061 b | 1.23 ± 0.04 a | 0.32 ± 0.024 b | 1.17 ± 0.03 a |
| Leucine | 0.20 ± 0.009 a | 0.064 ± 0.0092 b | 1.46 ± 0.08 a | 0.19 ± 0.008 b | 0.58 ± 0.005 c |
| Lysine | 1.41 ± 0.08 | 0.41 ± 0.013 | |||
| Methiin | 4.83 ± 0.04 a | 4.95 ± 0.27 a | 20.71 ± 0.24 b | ||
| Phenylalanine | 1.32 ± 0.071 a | 0.17 ± 0.013 b | 2.24 ± 0.10 a | 0.23 ± 0.012 b | 0.84 ± 0.016 c |
| Threonine | 0.49 ± 0.030 a | 0.14 ± 0.012 b | 2.37 ± 0.11 a | 1.19 ± 0.09 b | 1.76 ± 0.09 c |
| Tryptophan | 0.56 ± 0.028 | 0.66 ± 0.05 a | 0.12 ± 0.012 b | 0.26 ± 0.004 c | |
| Tyrosine | 1.20 ± 0.08 a | 0.14 ± 0.010 b | 0.37 ± 0.007 c | ||
| Valine | 0.50 ± 0.018 a | 0.15 ± 0.020 b | 3.09 ± 0.01 a | 1.01 ± 0.021 b | 3.94 ± 0.03 c |
| Organic acids | |||||
| Acetic acid | 0.14 ± 0.049 a | 0.061 ± 0.011 a | 2.68 ± 0.209 a | 0.10 ± 0.031 b | 0.36 ± 0.032 b |
| Citric acid | 5.30 ± 0.192 a | 0.58 ± 0.026 b | 5.80 ± 0.03 a | 6.67 ± 0.06 b | 5.95 ± 0.27 a |
| Formic acid | 0.034 ± 0.009 a | 0.032 ± 0.006 a | 0.051 ± 0.006 a | 0.029 ± 0.011 b | 0.027 ± 0.001 b |
| Fumaric acid | 0.082 ± 0.011 a | 0.051 ± 0.010 b | 0.045 ± 0.002 a | 0.082 ± 0.024 b | 1.04 ± 0.005 c |
| Lactic acid | 0.34 ± 0.085 | 0.73 ± 0.086 a | 0.040 ± 0.009 b | 0.065 ± 0.011 b | |
| Malic acid | 7.48 ± 0.54 a | 8.32 ± 0.77 a | 3.32 ± 0.24 a | 12.90 ± 0.18 b | 24.72 ± 0.14 c |
| Quinic acid | 6.51 ± 0.57 a | 7.61 ± 0.26 b | |||
| Succinic acid | 1.97 ± 0.05 a | 1.15 ± 0.12 b | 2.87 ± 0.381 | 0.505 ± 0.014 | |
| Carbohydrates, polyols | |||||
| Fructose | 5.15 ± 1.07 a | 30.2 ± 0.35 b | 37.90 ± 4.33 a | 83.08 ± 2.23 b | 68.33 ± 0.39 c |
| Glucose | 24.8 ± 5.00 a | 203.5 ± 4.02 b | 61.07 ± 1.66 a | 196.8 ± 6.88 b | 70.72 ± 0.43 a |
| Inulin | 0.44 ± 0.026 a | 4.14 ± 0.65 b | |||
| Raffinose | 0.69 ± 0.032 | 3.09 ± 0.27 | |||
| Sucrose | 5.87 ± 1.56 a | 29.47 ± 3.10 b | 6.68 ± 0.62 a | 27.32 ± 0.47 b | 21.22 ± 0.44 c |
| chiro-Inositol | 10.07 ± 2.69 a | 5.05 ± 0.33 b | |||
| myo-Inositol | 0.27 ± 0.013 a | 1.95 ± 0.15 b | 3.06 ± 0.20 | 2.61 ± 0.38 | |
| scyllo-Inositol | 1.78 ± 0.05 a | 0.57 ± 0.034 b | |||
| Miscellaneous | |||||
| Glucoiberin | 2.09 ± 0.138 | ||||
| Glucobrassicin | 1.43 ± 0.078 | ||||
| Chlorogenic acid | 7.53 ± 0.41 a | 2.32 ± 0.26 b | |||
| Glycine betaine | 0.30 ± 0.029 a | ||||
| Choline | 1.01 ± 0.09 a | 0.35 ± 0.005 b | 1.57 ± 0.077 a | 0.73 ± 0.022 b | 4.73 ± 0.06 c |
| Ethanolamine | 0.066 ± 0.010 a | 0.11 ± 0.010 b | 0.31 ± 0.017 a | 0.22 ± 0.015 b | 0.79 ± 0.012 c |
| Glycerophosphorylcholine | 0.090 ± 0.007 a | 0.42 ± 0.059 | |||
| Phosphorylcholine | 0.28 ± 0.039 a | 0.12 ± 0.005 b | 0.11 ± 0.016 a | 0.25 ± 0.024 b | 0.58 ± 0.029 c |
| Trigonelline | 0.30 ± 0.012 a | 0.064 ± 0.003 b | 0.063 ± 0.003 | ||
| Uridine | 0.13 ± 0.010 a | 0.057 ± 0.010 b | 0.373 ± 0.040 a | 0.14 ± 0.005 b | 0.55 ± 0.006 c |
a,b,c The different superscript letters indicate the significant difference between mean values (p < 0.05) according to ANOVA.