Table 2.
Descriptive characteristics by quartiles of breakfast size (×2000 kcal).
| Breakfast Size (×2000 kcal) 1 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (<222) (n =911) |
Q2 (222–296.3) (n = 911) |
Q3 (296.4–384) (n = 911) |
Q4 (>384) (n = 911) |
p Value 2 | |
| Number of diagnostic criteria | |||||
| 0 | 9 (1.0) | 19 (2.1) | 14 (1.5) | 28 (3.1) | <0.001 |
| 1 | 157 (17.2) | 212 (23.3) | 247 (27.1) | 272 (29.9) | |
| 2 | 308 (33.8) | 303 (33.3) | 300 (32.9) | 291 (31.9) | |
| 3 | 286 (31.4) | 238 (26.1) | 247 (27.1) | 218 (23.9) | |
| 4 | 118 (13.0) | 109 (12.0) | 80 (8.8) | 88 (9.7) | |
| 5 | 33 (3.6) | 30 (3.3) | 23 (2.5) | 14 (1.5) | |
| MetS 3, yes | 437 (48.0) | 377 (41.4) | 350 (38.4) | 320 (35.1) | <0.001 |
| Presence of individual components of MetS 3 | |||||
| Abdominal obesity, yes | 509 (55.9) | 473 (51.9) | 439 (48.2) | 394 (43.3) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, yes | 195 (21.4) | 170 (18.7) | 149 (16.4) | 152 (16.7) | 0.020 |
| HDL-Cholesterol, yes | 113 (12.4) | 103 (11.3) | 87 (9.6) | 92 (10.1) | 0.204 |
| Hypertension, yes | 865 (95.0) | 859 (94.3) | 871 (95.6) | 854 (93.7) | 0.317 |
| Hyperglycemia, yes | 586 (64.3) | 513 (56.3) | 477 (52.4) | 438 (48.1) | <0.001 |
| Study center | |||||
| Asturias | 245 (26.9) | 222 (24.4) | 215 (23.6) | 199 (21.8) | <0.001 |
| Granada | 116 (12.7) | 170 (18.7) | 233 (25.6) | 210 (23.1) | |
| Murcia | 194 (21.3) | 231 (25.4) | 183 (20.1) | 183 (20.1) | |
| Navarra | 190 (20.9) | 138 (15.2) | 128 (14.1) | 145 (15.9) | |
| Guipúzcoa | 166 (18.2) | 150 (16.5) | 152 (16.7) | 174 (19.1) | |
| Sex | |||||
| Men | 429 (47.1) | 377 (41.4) | 321 (35.2) | 322 (35.4) | <0.001 |
| Women | 482 (52.9) | 534 (58.6) | 590 (64.8) | 589 (64.7) | |
| Age (year) | 65.25 (61.91–68.62) | 65.31 (62.00–68.53) | 65.09 (61.82–68.47) | 65.92 (62.00–69.54) | 0.044 |
| Educational level | |||||
| None | 154 (16.9) | 174 (19.1) | 179 (19.7) | 164 (18.0) | <0.001 |
| Primary school | 367 (40.3) | 367 (40.3) | 279 (30.6) | 305 (33.5) | |
| Technical studies | 115 (12.6) | 122 (13.4) | 133 (14.6) | 123 (13.5) | |
| Secondary school | 122 (13.4) | 105 (11.5) | 110 (12.1) | 97 (10.7) | |
| Higher education | 150 (16.5) | 142 (15.6) | 206 (22.6) | 215 (23.6) | |
| Missing | 3 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | 4 (0.4) | 7 (0.8) | |
| Smoking history | |||||
| Never | 369 (40.5) | 472 (51.8) | 486 (53.4) | 490 (53.9) | <0.001 |
| Current | 169 (18.6) | 102 (11.2) | 95 (10.4) | 84 (9.2) | |
| Former | 373 (40.9) | 337 (37.0) | 329 (36.1) | 335 (36.8) | |
| Missing | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | |||
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 28.82 (26.10–31.90) | 28.20 (25.60–31.30) | 27.84 (25.40–30.70) | 26.90 (24.50–30.30) | <0.001 |
| % Body fat | 32.00 (25.90–37.70) | 31.70 (25.70–37.30) | 32.40 (25.60–37.70) | 31.80 (25.90–36.80) | 0.543 |
| Non-laboral Physical activity (MET-h/week) | 76.60 (53.80–100.80) | 79.80 (55.20–105.00) | 77.80 (56.20–102.30) | 81.30 (61.10–104.85) | 0.023 |
| At home | 41.20 (20.80–62.30) | 42.70 (20.30–65.80) | 43.20 (23.60–65.60) | 42.00 (22.60–63.53) | 0.456 |
| Recreational | 31.50 (19.50–48.00) | 33.00 (21.00–48.00) | 31.50 (21.00–48.00) | 36.00 (21.00–51.00) | 0.0002 |
| Sleep quality | |||||
| Good | 878 (96.4) | 884 (97.0) | 895 (98.2) | 882 (96.8) | 0.101 |
| Poor | 33 (3.6) | 27 (3.0) | 16 (1.8) | 29 (3.2) | |
| Time of sleep (h/workdays) | 6:25 (7:15–7:55) | 6:25 (7:05–7:55) | 6:30 (7:10–7:55) | 6:25 (7:10–7:55) | 0.748 |
| Time of sleep (h/freedays) | 6:30 (7:25–8:10) | 6:30 (7:25–8:10) | 6:45 (7:30–8:10) | 6:30 (7:28–8:10) | 0.283 |
| Chronotype | |||||
| Moderate/extreme early type | 23 (2.5) | 21 (2.3) | 23 (2.5) | 27 (3.0) | 0.003 |
| Slight early type | 54 (5.9) | 58 (6.4) | 71 (7.8) | 72 (7.9) | |
| Normal type | 696 (76.4) | 731 (80.2) | 710 (77.9) | 727 (79.8) | |
| Slight late type | 82 (9.0) | 58 (6.4) | 72 (7.9) | 53 (5.8) | |
| Moderate/extreme late type | 34 (3.7) | 25 (2.7) | 24 (2.6) | 8 (0.9) | |
| Missing | 22 (2.4) | 18 (2.0) | 11 (1.2) | 24 (2.6) | |
| Breakfast time (h) | |||||
| ≤9:00 | 690 (75.7) | 683 (75.0) | 653 (71.7) | 688 (75.5) | 0.075 |
| >9:00 | 207 (22.7) | 227 (24.9) | 257 (28.2) | 223 (24.5) | |
| Missing | 14 (1.5) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | ||
| Lunch time (h) | |||||
| ≤14:00 | 450 (49.4) | 415 (45.6) | 416 (45.7) | 440 (48.3) | 0.114 |
| >14:00–15:00 | 304 (33.4) | 349 (38.3) | 361 (39.6) | 340 (37.3) | |
| >15:00 | 60 (6.6) | 66 (7.2) | 63 (6.9) | 63 (6.9) | |
| Missing | 97 (10.7) | 81 (8.9) | 71 (7.8) | 68 (7.5) | |
| Dinner time (h) | |||||
| ≤21:00 | 295 (32.4) | 295 (32.4) | 271 (29.8) | 293 (32.2) | 0.028 |
| 21:00 | 222 (24.4) | 221 (24.3) | 229 (25.1) | 277 (30.4) | |
| >21:00 | 286 (31.4) | 279 (30.6) | 297 (32.6) | 252 (27.7) | |
| Missing | 108 (11.9) | 116 (12.7) | 114 (12.5) | 89 (9.8) | |
| Number of eating occasions | 0.0001 | ||||
| ≤3 | 32 (3.5) | 32 (3.5) | 25 (2.7) | 55 (6.0) | |
| 4–5 | 385 (42.3) | 373 (40.9) | 413 (45.3) | 431 (47.3) | |
| >5 | 494 (54.2) | 506 (55.5) | 473 (51.9) | 425 (46.7) | |
| Dietary intake at breakfast | |||||
| Energy at breakfast from the total (%) | 7.80 (5.07–9.73) | 13.05 (12.08–13.91) | 16.80 (15.72–17.88) | 22.83 (20.57–26.31) | |
| Macronutrient composition (%) | |||||
| Proteins | 16.08 (11.73–20.65) | 14.63 (12.23–17.20) | 13.66 (11.63–16.17) | 12.40 (10.24–15.04) | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrates | 58.33 (50.29–68.01) | 56.78 (49.60–64.29) | 55.63 (48.07–63.55) | 53.36 (44.44–60.45) | <0.001 |
| Fats | 23.03 (9.95–31.87) | 27.83 (19.38–35.87) | 29.57 (21.02–38.39) | 33.38 (25.32–42.37) | <0.001 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 2494.1 (2239.2–2847.7) | 2458.6 (2204.7–2749.2) | 2396.2 (2155.7–2685.2) | 2322.3 (2070.8–2626.3) | <0.001 |
Data are expressed in n (%) and median (p25-p75). 1 Breakfast size was calculated as (energy from breakfast/total energy intake) * 2000 kcal. 2 p value: Chi square test for categorical variables and Wilcoxon rank test for continuous variables. 3 Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program’s Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) definition, when an individual had three or more of the following diagnostic criteria: waist circumference ≥ 102 cm in men and ≥88 cm in women; triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL (1.695 mmol/L); HDL-cholesterol < 40 mg/dL (0.9 mmol/L) in men and <50 mg/dL (1.1 mmol/L) in women; blood pressure ≥ 130/85 mmHg; and fasting glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL (≥6.1 mmol/L).