Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2023 Jan 29;28(3):1294. doi: 10.3390/molecules28031294

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Structures of berberine and its metabolites. (1) Berberine; (2) berberrubine; (3) thalifendine; (4) demethyleneberberine; (5) jathorrhizine; (6) columbamine; (7) palmatine; (8) 3,9-demethylpalmatine; (9) 3,10-demethylpalmatine; (10) 2,3,9-trihydroxiberberine; (11) 2,3,10-trihydroxiberberine; (12) berberrubine-9-O-β-D-glucuronide; (13) thalifendine-10-O-β-D-glucuronide; (14) demethyleneberberine-2,3-di-O-β-D-glucuronide; (15) jatrorrhizine-3-O-β-D-glucuronide; (16) columbamine-3-O-β-D-glucuronide; (17) demethyleneberberine-2-O-sulfate; (18) thalifendine-10-O-sulfate; (19) jatrorrhizine-3-O-sulfate; (20) 3,10-demethylpalmatine-10-O-sulfate; (21) 2,3,10-trihydroxyberberine-2-O-sulfate; (22) glucuronide of demethyleneberberine; (23) glucuronide of 3,9-demethylpalmatine; (24) hydroxylated berberine; (25) dihydroberberine [40].

Structures of berberine and its metabolites. (1) Berberine; (2) berberrubine; (3) thalifendine; (4) demethyleneberberine; (5) jathorrhizine; (6) columbamine; (7) palmatine; (8) 3,9-demethylpalmatine; (9) 3,10-demethylpalmatine; (10) 2,3,9-trihydroxiberberine; (11) 2,3,10-trihydroxiberberine; (12) berberrubine-9-O-β-D-glucuronide; (13) thalifendine-10-O-β-D-glucuronide; (14) demethyleneberberine-2,3-di-O-β-D-glucuronide; (15) jatrorrhizine-3-O-β-D-glucuronide; (16) columbamine-3-O-β-D-glucuronide; (17) demethyleneberberine-2-O-sulfate; (18) thalifendine-10-O-sulfate; (19) jatrorrhizine-3-O-sulfate; (20) 3,10-demethylpalmatine-10-O-sulfate; (21) 2,3,10-trihydroxyberberine-2-O-sulfate; (22) glucuronide of demethyleneberberine; (23) glucuronide of 3,9-demethylpalmatine; (24) hydroxylated berberine; (25) dihydroberberine [40].