Table 3.

Role of different by-product of fig against chronic disorders.

Fig Part	In vivo/In Vitro	Disease	Action	Reference
Leaves and fruit	In vivo and in vitro	Inflammatory and Carcinogenic effects	In vivo and in vitro study illuminates that F. carica leaves and fruits play important role the prevention of inflammatory and carcinogenic effects.	[107]
Leaves	In vivo	Kidney	The findings showed that fig extract play important role in the treatment of kidney diseases.	[108]
Ficus carica	---	Anemia, cancer, diabetes, leprosy, liver diseases, paralysis and ulcers	Ficus carica is a good source of traditional medicine for the treatment of anemia, cancer, diabetes, leprosy, liver diseases, paralysis and ulcers.	[21]
Ficus carica leaf extracts	In vitro	Cancer, diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer’s disease	The results suggest that F. carica leaves may be valuable source for developing a promising therapeutic agent in cancer, diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease.	[37]
Ficus carica polysaccharides (FCPS)	In vivo	Aeromonas hydrophila infection	Results showed that dietary FCPS can be improved the innate immune response, growth performance and disease resistance against A. hydrophila in fish.	[109]
Ficus carica stem extract	In vivo	Hepatic oxidative damage	Fig extract played significant role in protecting animals from methanol-induced hepatic oxidative damage.	[110]
Ficus carica cell suspension culture extract	In vitro (on keratinocytes cells) and in vivo	Skin	In vitro and in vivo tests demonstrated that the extract from Ficus carica cell cultures alleviated skin damage caused by psychological stress.	[111]
Acetonic extract of Ficus carica L.	In vivo	Central nervous system	The outcomes showed that Ficus carica L. can be useful in insomnia, anxiety, schizophrenia, migraine and epilepsy.	[112]
Ficus carica (fig) and Olea europaea (olive)	--	Pro-inflammatory cytokines	Consuming figs and olives can be useful in the prevention or treatment of inflammatory diseases.	[113]
Leaves of Ficus carica	In vivo	Hepatotoxicity	Fig leaves extract reduce the risk of hepatotoxicity.	[114]
Leaf and fruit	In vitro	Cancer	Results suggest that leaf and fruit have anticancer activity.	[115]
Leaves	In vivo	Diabetes	Reduce the risk of diabetes.	[116]
Leaf and fruit	--	Hyperglycemia	The fig fruit or its leaves in food may help to correct the hyperglycemia due to diabetes.	[117]