Table 1.
Distribution of 185 cases with incident diagnosis of tinnitus and 198 controls, overall and stratified by sex, according to selected dietary habits. Odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) for cases with tinnitus vs. controls. Italy, 2016–2019.
| Dietary Item | Total | Men | Women | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases N ° (%) | Controls N ° (%) | OR * (95% CI) | Cases N ° (%) | Controls N ° (%) | OR * (95% CI) | Cases N ° (%) | Controls N ° (%) | OR * (95% CI) | |
| Caffeine mg/week | |||||||||
| <850 mg | 70 (45.5) | 56 (33.0) | 1.00 ∧ | 32 (37.7) | 24 (28.9) | 1.00 ∧ | 38 (55.1) | 32 (36.8) | 1.00 ∧ |
| 850–1749 mg | 40 (26.0) | 52 (30.6) | 0.49 (0.24–0.99) | 21 (24.7) | 25 (30.1) | 0.33 (0.11–0.99) | 19 (27.5) | 27 (31.0) | 0.58 (0.22–1.54) |
| ≥1750 mg | 44 (28.5) | 62 (36.4) | 0.69 (0.34–1.43) | 32 (37.7) | 34 (41.0) | 0.75 (0.25–2.27) | 12 (17.4) | 28 (32.2) | 0.55 (0.19-1.60) |
| p for trend | 0.277 | 0.597 | 0.236 | ||||||
| Poultry portions (each 150 g)/week | |||||||||
| 0–1 | 73 (38.9) | 66 (33.3) | 1.00 ∧ | 36 (34.6) | 29 (28.7) | 1.00 ∧ | 37 (46.8) | 37 (38.1) | 1.00 ∧ |
| 2 | 53 (29.0) | 47 (23.2) | 1.13 (0.57–2.23) | 31 (29.8) | 28 (27.7) | 1.05 (0.38–2.92) | 22 (27.9) | 19 (19.6) | 1.15 (0.42–3.11) |
| ≥3 | 57 (31.1) | 85 (49.5) | 0.43 (0.23–0.81) | 37 (35.6) | 44 (43.6) | 0.48 (0.18–1.28) | 20 (25.3) | 41 (42.3) | 0.38 (0.15–0.94) |
| p for trend | 0.009 | 0.128 | 0.042 | ||||||
| Prosciutto portions (each 50g)/week | |||||||||
| 0–0.5 | 101 (55.8) | 96 (48.5) | 1.00 ∧ | 49 (47.1) | 47 (46.5) | 1.00 ∧ | 52 (67.5) | 49 (50.5) | 1.00 ∧ |
| 1 | 46 (25.4) | 43 (21.7) | 0.85 (0.44–1.66) | 32 (30.8) | 23 (22.8) | 1.66 (0.62–4.47) | 14 (18.2) | 20 (20.6) | 0.49 (0.17–1.38) |
| ≥2 | 34 (18.8) | 59 (29.8) | 0.44 (0.23–0.85) | 23 (22.1) | 31 (30.7) | 0.55 (0.21–1.40) | 11 (14.3) | 28 (28.9) | 0.27 (0.09–0.77) |
| p for trend | 0.019 | 0.325 | 0.011 | ||||||
| Legumes portions (each 100g)/week | |||||||||
| 0–0.5 | 73 (40.1) | 61 (30.8) | 1.00 ∧ | 47 (45.2) | 29 (28.7) | 1.00 ∧ | 26 (33.3) | 32 (33.0) | 1.00 ∧ |
| 1 | 42 (23.1) | 45 (22.7) | 0.87 (0.44–1.73) | 22 (21.2) | 20 (19.8) | 1.09 (0.37–3.21) | 20 (25.6) | 32 (33.0) | 0.70 (0.25–1.97) |
| ≥2 | 67 (36.8) | 92 (46.5) | 0.50 (0.28–0.92) | 35 (33.7 | 52 (51.5) | 0.21 (0.08–0.54) | 32 (41.0) | 40 (41.2) | 0.69 (0.28–1.74) |
| p for trend | 0.023 | 0.001 | 0.445 | ||||||
| Butter † | |||||||||
| Not used | 88 (47.6) | 78 (39.4) | 1.00 ∧ | 48 (46.2) | 38 (37.6) | 1.00 ∧ | 40 (49.4) | 40 (41.2) | 1.00 ∧ |
| Scarce | 61 (33.0) | 68 (34.3) | 0.98 (0.54–1.77) | 33 (31.7) | 31 (30.7) | 1.08 (0.46–2.55) | 28 (34.6) | 37 (38.1) | 0.88 (0.33–2.33) |
| Normal use or high use | 36 (19.4) | 52 (26.3) | 0.46 (0.23–0.93) | 23 22.12 | 32 31.68 | 0.45 (0.16–1.26) | 13 (16.1) | 20 (20.6) | 0.45 (0.16–1.28) |
| p for trend | 0.055 | 0.194 | 0.157 | ||||||
| Pasta portions (each 80 g)/week | |||||||||
| 0–3 | 74 (40.2) | 70 (35.4) | 1.00 ∧ | 31 (30.1) | 28 (27.7) | 1.00 ∧ | 43 (53.1) | 42 (43.3) | 1.00 ∧ |
| 4–6 | 54 (29.4) | 41 (20.7) | 0.83 (0.43–1.63) | 35 (34.0) | 19 (18.8) | 0.88 (0.30–2.54) | 19 (23.5) | 22 (22.7) | 0.70 (0.26–1.85) |
| ≥7 | 56 (30.4) | 87 (43.9) | 0.62 (0.34–1.13) | 37 (35.9) | 54 (53.5) | 0.77 (0.31–1.90) | 19 (23.5) | 33 (34.0) | 0.62 (0.25–1.56) |
| p for trend | 0.118 | 0.569 | 0.298 | ||||||
| Bread portions (each 50 g)/week | |||||||||
| 0 | 45 (25.3) | 38 (19.2) | 1.00 ∧ | 27 (26.5) | 16 (15.8) | 1.00 ∧ | 18 (23.7) | 22 (22.7) | 1.00 ∧ |
| 1–5 | 57 (32.0) | 72 (36.3) | 0.53 (0.26–1.06) | 28 (27.5) | 36 (35.6) | 0.17 (0.05–0.57) | 29 (38.2) | 36 (37.1) | 1.18 (0.43–3.25) |
| 6–7 | 46 (25.8) | 57 (28.8) | 0.53 (0.25–1.14) | 26 (25.5) | 29 (28.7) | 0.32 (0.09–1.07) | 20 (26.3) | 28 (28.9) | 0.81 (0.27–2.49) |
| ≥8 | 30 (16.9) | 31 (15.7) | 0.59 (0.25–1.39) | 21 (20.6) | 20 (19.8) | 0.21 (0.06–0.71) | 9 (11.8) | 11 (11.3) | 2.81 (0.53–14.8) |
| p for trend | 0.220 | 0.063 | 0.598 | ||||||
| Meat portions (each 150 g)/week | |||||||||
| 0–1 | 100 (54.7) | 112 (56.6) | 1.00 ∧ | 48 (46.2) | 46 (45.5) | 1.00 ∧ | 52 (65.8) | 66 (68.0) | 1.00 ∧ |
| 2 | 37 (20.2) | 34 (17.2) | 1.49 (0.75–2.94) | 24 (23.1) | 20 (19.8) | 1.87 (0.68–5.11) | 13 (16.5) | 14 (14.4) | 1.39 (0.48–4.04) |
| ≥3 | 46 (25.1) | 52 (26.2) | 0.97 (0.51–1.85) | 32 (30.8) | 35 (34.7) | 1.33 (0.56–3.17) | 14 (17.7) | 17 (17.5) | 0.72 (0.23–2.27) |
| p for trend | 0.889 | 0.484 | 0.778 | ||||||
| Fish portions (each 150 g)/week | |||||||||
| 0–0.5 | 50 (27.6) | 54 (27.3) | 1.00 ∧ | 24 (23.3) | 27 (26.7) | 1.00 ∧ | 26 (33.3) | 27 (27.8) | 1.00 ∧ |
| 1 | 53 (29.3) | 46 (23.2) | 1.19 (0.59–2.38) | 31(30.1) | 26 (25.7) | 1.50 (0.54–4.22) | 22 (28.2) | 20 (20.6) | 0.96 (0.32–2.83) |
| ≥2 | 78 (43.1) | 98 (49.5) | 0.75 (0.41–1.40) | 48 (46.6) | 48 (47.5) | 0.91 (0.36–2.33) | 30 (38.5) | 50 (51.6) | 0.67 (0.26–1.70) |
| p for trend | 0.315 | 0.703 | 0.382 | ||||||
| Cheese portions (each 25 g)/week | |||||||||
| 0–2 | 101 (55.2) | 116 (58.6) | 1.00 ∧ | 54 (51.9) | 59 (58.4) | 1.00 ∧ | 47 (59.5) | 57 (58.8) | 1.00 ∧ |
| 3 | 32 (17.5) | 28 (14.1) | 1.29 (0.63–2.67) | 21 (20.2) | 11 (10.9) | 1.48 (0.48–4.59) | 11 (13.9) | 17 (17.5) | 0.95 (0.33–2.73) |
| ≥4 | 50 (27.3) | 54 (27.3) | 0.85 (0.46–1.58) | 29 (27.9) | 31 (30.7) | 0.59 (0.23–1.51) | 21 (26.6) | 23 (23.7) | 1.52 (0.58–4.03) |
| p for trend | 0.711 | 0.326 | 0.451 | ||||||
| Vegetables portions ⌠ (each 150 g)/week | |||||||||
| 0–5 | 53 (29.1) | 63 (31.8) | 1.00 | 35 (33.7) | 39 (38.6) | 1.00 ∧ | 18 (23.1) | 24 (24.7) | 1.00 ∧ |
| 6–7 | 50 (27.5) | 51 (26.8) | 0.77 (0.38–1.56) | 31 (29.8) | 30 (29.7) | 0.56 (0.21–1.50) | 19 (24.4) | 21 (21.7) | 1.34 (0.45–4.03) |
| ≥8 | 79 (43.4) | 84 (42.4) | 0.75 (0.40–1.41) | 38 (36.5) | 32 (31.7) | 0.65 (0.25–1.68) | 41 (52.6) | 52 (53.6) | 1.01 (0.38–2.68) |
| p for trend | 0.390 | 0.396 | 0.965 | ||||||
| Fruit portions (each 150 g)/week | |||||||||
| 0–5 | 59 (32.4) | 64 (32.3) | 1.00 ∧ | 36 (35.0) | 34 (33.7) | 1.00 ∧ | 23 (29.1) | 30 (30.9) | 1.00 ∧ |
| 6–7 | 38 (20.9) | 43 (21.7) | 0.96 (0.47–1.97) | 24 (23.3) | 25 (24.8) | 0.88 (0.33–2.39) | 14 (17.7) | 18 (18.6) | 1.13 (0.35–3.65) |
| ≥8 | 85 (46.7) | 91 (46.0) | 0.78 (0.43–1.44) | 43 (41.8) | 42 (41.6) | 0.81 (0.34–1.92) | 42 (53.2) | 49 (50.5) | 0.71 (0.27–1.83) |
| p for trend | 0.423 | 0.624 | 0.435 | ||||||
| Food diversity | |||||||||
| 0–15 | 77 (41.6) | 51 (23.8) | 1.00 ∧ | 37 (35.6) | 26 (25.7) | 1.00 ∧ | 40 (49.38 | 25 (25.8) | 1.00 ∧ |
| 16-19 | 62 (33.5) | 71 (35.9) | 0.53 (0.28–1.00) | 41 (39.4) | 36 (35.6) | 0.73 (0.29–1.85) | 21 (25.93 | 35 (36.1) | 0.27 (0.10–0.73) |
| ≥20 | 46 (24.9) | 76 (38.4) | 0.47 (0.24–0.90) | 26 (25.0) | 39 (38.6) | 0.54 (0.19–1.52) | 20 (24.69 | 37 (38.1) | 0.38 (0.14–0.98) |
| p for trend | 0.022 | 0.242 | 0.031 | ||||||
Significant estimates at a 0.05 level are in bold. * Estimated using unconditional multiple logistic regression models after adjustment for sex, age, education, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and hearing loss. ∧ Reference category. ° The sum does not add up to the total number of individuals due to some missing values. ⌠ All vegetables excluding potatoes and legumes. † Butter was measured asking for the subjective perception of use, as no use, scarce, normal or high.