Abbreviature	Definition
a.u.	Arbitrary unit
ACL	Amorphous carbon layer
AFM	Atomic force microscopy
AlxOy	Aluminum oxide
α-Al2O3	Corundum phase—Aluminum oxide
γ-, η-, ρ-, θ-, δ-, χ-, κ-Al2O3	Metastable phases—Aluminum oxide
Ar	Argon
BET	Brunauer-Emmet-Teller method
BF-TEM	Bright field—transmission electron microscopy
BSE	Backscattered electrons
°C	Celsius degree (temperature unit)
cm3	Cubic centimeters (volume unit)
CNO	Carbon nano—onions
CNP	Carbon nanoparticles
CNT	Carbon nanotubes
CO2	Carbon dioxide
CuK	Cooper-Potassium
CVD	Chemical vapor deposition
CW	Continuous wave
CXHY	Hydrocarbon compounds
Deg.	Degree (Angular position unit)
DF-TEM	Dark field–transmission electron microscopy
DLS	Dynamic light scattering
DMA	Differential mobility analyzer
DSC	Differential scanning calorimetry
EDX	Energy dispersive X-ray (spectrum)
EFTEM	Energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy
ENM	Engineered nanomaterials
ETEM	Environmental transmission electron microscopy
FCCVD	Floating catalysts–chemical vapor deposition
Fe(II)	Iron (+2 oxidation state)
Fe(III)	Iron (+3 oxidation state)
FeO	Wustite phase–iron oxide
FESEM	Field emission–scanning electron microscopy
FexOy	Iron-oxide
α-Fe2O3	Hematite phase–iron oxide
γ-Fe2O3	Maghemite phase-iron oxide
Fe3O4	Magnetite phase-Iron oxide
FSP	Flame spray pyrolisis
FTIR	Fourier-transform infrared
FWHM	Full width at half maximum
HAADF	High-angle annular dark field
HIM	Helium ion microscopy
hr	Hour (time unit)
HRTEM	High resolution-transmission electron microscopy
ID	Signal intensity of the D-band (Raman spectroscopy)
IG	Signal intensity of the G-band (Raman spectroscopy)
K	Kelvin (temperature unit)
kV	Kilovolts (electric potential difference unit)
LIBS	Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
LIF	Laser-induced fluorescence
LII	Laser-induced incandescence
Li	Lithium
MEDB	Multi—element diffusion burner
mg	Milligram (mass unit)
ml	Milliliters (volume unit)
MnxOy	Manganese oxide
ms	Miliseconds (time unit)
MS	Mass spectrometry
mW	Miliwatts (power unit)
N	Newton—force unit
nm	Nanometers (length unit)
NCM	Nickel-rich cathode material
NP	Nanoparticle
N2	Nitrogen (molecule)
OV	Oxygen vacancies
Pa	Pascals (pressure unit)
PAH	Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
pH	Potential of hydrogen
PL	Photoluminescence
PS-LIBS	Phase-selective laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
Pt	Platinum
SAED	Selected area electron diffraction
SAXS	Small-angle X-ray scattering
SE	Secondary electrons
SEM	Scanning electron microscopy
SiO2	Silicon oxide
SMPS	Scanning mobility particle size
SSA	Specific surface area
STP	Standard temperature and pressure
TEM	Transmission electron microscopy
TGA	Thermogravimetric analysis
TiO2	Titanium oxide
TiO2-II	Srilankite phase of TiO2
TiRe	Time-resolved
TMS	Tetramethylsilane
TTIP	Titanium isopropoxide
UHV	Ultra-high vacuum
UV-vis-NIR	Ultraviolet-visible-near infrared
VSM	Vibrating sample magnetometer
WO3	Tungsten oxide
XPS	X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
XRD	X-ray diffraction
YSZ	Zirconium acetate + Yttrium acetate
ZnO	Zinc oxide
ZrxOy	Zirconium oxide
Zst	Stoichiometric mixture fraction
φ	Equivalence ratio