Table 1.

Nanoparticles and their biological effects.

S. No.	Nanoparticle Studied	Cell Type	Functions/Outcomes	References
1	Iron oxide NPs	Myocardium from mice	Oxidant by Nox 4 overexpression	[6]
2	WO3-Pt NPs	Tumor cells	Oxidant. NADPH oxidase biomimetic	[7]
3	Silver NPs	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells	Oxidant by increasing Nox 4 expression	[8]
4	Silver NPs	Myocardium from rats	Increase in hypertension due to a decrease in NO levels	[9]
5	PLGA NPs	Hypertensive rats	Carrier. Treatment for hypertension	[10]
6	PLGA NPs	Human umbilical vascular endothelial cells	ROS scavenger at the vascular level and endothelial protector	[11]
7	PLGA NPs	Rat focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury	SOD carrier	[12]
8	PEGylated quantum dots	AT1R-expressing cells	Carrier of angiotensin-II	[13]
9	Silica NPs	Human endothelial cells	Endothelial injury induced by mitochondrial dysfunction	[14]
10	Silica NPs	Aorta from rat	Endothelial dysfunction induced by oxidative stress	[15]
11	PVAX	Hindlimb and liver from an ischemia/reperfusion model in mice	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activity	[16]
12	PLGA-β-PEG-TPP NPs	Mitochondria-acting therapeutics	Nanocarriers	[17]
13	RNP	A middle cerebral artery from rats with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury	Neuroprotective agent due to its ability to scavenge free radicals	[18]
14	Redox-polymer nanotherapeutics	Brain from SAMP8 mice	Treatment of the neurodegenerative diseases	[19]
15	Nanoceria	PC12 neuronal-like cells	SOD and catalase mimetic	[20]
16	Nanoceria	Mouse hippocampal brain slice model of ischemia	Reduction of oxidative and nitrosative damage after stroke	[21]
17	Nanoceria	Murine macrophages	Anti-inflammatory and NO scavenger	[22]
18	Nanoceria	Cultured rat H9c2 cardiomyocytes	Antioxidant	[23]
19	Nanoceria	Murine myocardium	Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory	[24]
20	Nanoceria	Human aortic endothelial cells	Inflammatory effect	[25]
21	Nanoceria	Aorta from mice	Vascular dysfunction	[26]
22	Nanoceria	Arterioles from hypertensive rats	Vascular antioxidant	[27]
23	Nanoceria	Arteriola from rats	Prooxidant. Microvascular dysfunction	[28]
24	Iron oxide, yttrium oxide, cerium oxide, zinc oxide	Human vascular endothelial cell line	Pro-inflammatory	[29]
25	NPs based on polyoxalate	Doxorubicin-treated mice heart	Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory	[30]
26	Polyketal particles	Rat myocardium	SOD carrier	[31]
27	Silver NPs	Human pulmonary epithelial cell line 16HBE14	Dose and process of uptake	[32]
28	Silver NPs	Human alveolar epithelial cells (A549)	Spherical particles had no effect than silver wires	[33]
29	Silver NPs	Human alveolar epithelial cells (A549)	Cells were only sensitive to high Ag-ion concentrations	[34]
30	Silver NPs	T84 cells (ATCC CCL-248™), a human colorectal carcinoma cell line	Small AgNPs have significant effects on intestinal permeability	[35]
31	Silver NPs	Porcine kidney (Pk15) cells	AgNPs had only insignificant toxicity at concentrations lower than 25 mg/L, whereas Ag+ exhibited a significant decrease in cell viability at higher concentration	[36]
32	Silver NPs	Human HCE-T corneal epithelial cells	Mammalian cell toxicity was observed at high (8–12 μM silver ion) silver levels in serum-free culture	[37]
33	Silver NPs	RAW264.7 macrophages	Low cell pro-inflammatory cytokine activation was observed	[37]
34	Silver NPs	Human tongue squamous carcinoma SCC-25	Reduced proliferation and viability	[38]
35	Silver NPs	Alveolar epithelial cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells	Adverse effects were also only found at high silver concentrations	[39]
36	Silver NPs	Human microvascular endothelial cells	Loss of membrane integrity at higher concentrations	[40]
37	Silver NPs	Bovine retinal endothelial cells	Enhanced apoptosis	[41]
38	Silver NPs	Dalton’s lymphoma ascites	Anti-tumor activity	[42]
39	Silver NPs	HepG2 cells	Non-cytotoxic doses induced p38 MAPK pathway activation and led to the promotion of HepG2 cell proliferation	[43]
40	Silver NPs	HaCaT cells	HaCaT cells were found to be resistant	[44]
41	Silver NPs	HeLa cells	HeLa cells were found to be more sensitive	[44]
42	Silver NPs	Embryonic neural stem cells	Ag-NPs-induced neurotoxicity	[45]
43	Silver NPs	Primary mixed neural cell cultures	Strong effects of SNP associated with calcium dysregulation and ROS formation in primary neural cells	[46]
44	Silver NPs	Mouse brain neural cells	AgNPs could alter gene and protein expressions of β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition	[47]
45	Silver NPs	Human embryonic neural precursor Cell	AgNPs exposure causes a significant stress response in the growing Human neural progenitor cells (hNPC)	[48]
46	Silver NPs	HT22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cells	AgNPs modulated HT22 cell cycle, proliferation, induced oxidative stress, and 53BP1 recruitment	[49]