Table 1.

Low-FODMAP protocol proposed to our FD GI symptomatic patients, and then retrospectively analysed in this study.

Food Group	Foods to Be Restricted	Foods Allowed
Dairy products	Cow’s, sheep’s, buffalo’s, and goat’s milk, soft cheeses, cream (sour and whipped), yogurt, mozzarella with lactose, béchamel cottage cheese and cheese sauces, milk chocolate.	Lactose-free cow’s milk, butter, aged cheese (e.g., Parmesan), lactose-free yogurt, lactose-free cheese
Dairy alternatives	Coconut milk and cream, soy milk	Almond milk, kefir, rice milk
Cereals	Bread, pasta, breadsticks, pastry products, … if made with wheat (wheat), various flours (chickpea flour, lentil flour, pea flour, soy flour), spelt, rye, barley, kamut, cous-cous, semolina	Breadsticks, pasta and pastry products (products with wheat-free cereals and flours: quinoa, rice, oats, buckwheat, amaranth, millet, sorghum, tapioca, polenta, amaranth)
Fruit	Apricots, avocados, persimmons, cherries, figs, lychees, mangoes, apples, blackberries, pears, peaches, nectarines, plums, plums, canned fruit, fruit jams not allowed	Pineapple (1 slice), orange (<130 g), banana (½ banana), clementine (n° 2), strawberries (about n° 10), passion fruit (maracuja), kiwi (<60 g), raspberries (<120 g), mandarin (n° 2), melon (<150 g), blueberries (<70 g), papaya (<80 g), grapefruit (<160 g), grapes (<30 g), strawberry jams, blueberries, raspberries
Vegetables	Garlic, asparagus, beets, broccoli, artichokes, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage, chicory, onion, mushrooms, okra, green peppers, leek, shallot, cabbage	Carrots, cucumbers, spring onion (green parts only), ribs, fennel, lettuce and leafy salad, eggplant (<180 g) potatoes, sweet potatoes (½ potato), red peppers (<120 g), tomatoes (less than 200 g), celery (less than 1 stalk), chopped spinach, pumpkin, courgettes (<300 g)
Legumes and nuts	All (chickpeas, beans, lentils, …), pistachios, cashews, soy	Green beans and peas
Desserts	Any prepared with foods to be limited	Any prepared with permitted foods. Dark chocolate
Beverages	Fruit/vegetable juices with a high FODMAP content, beer, barley coffee, spirits, sweet wines	Fruit/vegetable juices with low FODMAP content (coffee (in limited quantities), tea, red and white wine (in limited quantities), herbal teas from permitted foods
Sweeteners	Sorbitol, mannitol, isomalt, maltitol, xylitol, honey, molasses, saccharin, agave or agave syrup, fructose and the syrups that contain it	Small quantities of white or brown sugar, glucose, pure maple syrup, aspartame
Other	Whole or powdered garlic and onion and mix of powdered vegetables (may contain garlic or onion), pickles and spring onions, miso, nuts or vegetable extracts, nuts or meat extracts, ready-made seasonings containing substances to avoid	Vinegar, balsamic vinegar, homemade broth aromatic herbs (e.g., chives, basil, parsley, etc.), bamboo shoots, lemon, mayonnaise, mustard, butter, margarine, canola oil, extra virgin olive oil, spices (pepper, red chili, ginger, cinnamon, etc.), olives, salt, gomasio