Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants [N (%)].
| Parameters | Total (N = 120) | Males (N = 58) | Females (N = 62) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI [N (%)] | ||||
| Lean Overweight Obese NA |
15 (12) 59 (49) 43 (36) 3 (2) |
7 (12) 34 (59) 16 (28) 1 (2) |
8 (13) 25 (40) 27 (44) 2 (3) |
0.12 |
| 25 (OH) D Status [N (%)] | ||||
| Severely deficient (<25 nmol/L) Deficient (25–50 nmol/L) |
32 (27) 88 (73) |
13 (22) 45 (78) |
19 (31) 43 (69) |
0.31 |
| Diabetes [N (%)] | ||||
| Yes No |
27 (22) 93 (78) |
12 (20.7) 46 (79) |
15 (24) 47 (76) |
0.65 |
| Family History of Diabetes [N (%)] | ||||
| Yes No NA |
66 (55) 17 (14) 37 (31) |
23 (40) 4 (7) 31 (53) |
43 (69) 13 (21) 6 (10) |
<0.001 |
| Family History of CVD [N (%)] | ||||
| Yes No NA |
15 (12) 62 (52) 43 (36) |
5 (9) 17 (29) 36 (62) |
10 (16) 45 (73) 7 (11) |
<0.001 |
| Family History of Dyslipidemia [N (%)] | ||||
| Yes No NA |
28 (23) 65 (54) 27 (22) |
16 (28) 19 (33) 23 (40) |
12 (19) 46 (74) 4 (6) |
<0.001 |
| Age (years) # | 40.6 ± 10.8 | 42.8 ± 9.6 | 38.5 ± 11.6 | 0.03 |
| Anthropometrics | ||||
| Weight (kg) # | 77 ± 14 | 83 ± 14 | 72 ± 13 | <0.01 |
| BMI (kg/m2) # | 29 ± 5 | 29 ± 4 | 30 ± 6 | 0.36 |
| Waist (cm) # | 96 ± 13 | 98 ± 12 | 95 ± 14 | 0.19 |
| Hips (cm) # | 102 ± 14 | 99 ± 13 | 105 ± 14 | 0.04 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) # | 127 ± 14 | 132 ± 10 | 121 ± 15 | <0.01 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) # | 79 ± 9 | 83 ± 7 | 76 ± 10 | <0.01 |
| Biochemical Characteristics | ||||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) # | 5.1 ± 1.2 | 5.1 ± 1.2 | 5.1 ± 1.2 | 0.77 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) $ | 1.5 (1.1,2.3) | 1.5 (1.1,2.5) | 1.5 (1.1,2.1) | 0.24 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) # | 1.01 ± 0.4 | 0.98 ± 0.3 | 1.03 ± 0.4 | 0.39 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) # | 3.2 ± 1.1 | 3.1 ± 1.1 | 3.3 ± 1.1 | 0.26 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) $ | 5.7 (5.1,6.6) | 5.7 (5.3,6.6) | 5.6 (4.9,6.5) | 0.35 |
| Total 25 (OH)D (nmol/L) # | 32.5 ± 10.7 | 34.7 ± 9.5 | 30.4 ± 11.5 | 0.03 |
| Category by Cardiovascular Risk Score (ASCVD) [N (%)] | ||||
| Low Borderline Intermediate High |
49 (41) 22 (18) 43 (36) 6 (5) |
42 (68) 4 (6) 16 (26) 0 (0) |
7 (12) 18 (31) 27 (47) 6 (10) |
<0.001 |
| ASCVD risk score (%) $ | 6 (2,10) | 9 (6,13) | 3 (1, 8) | <0.001 |
Note: Data presented as N (%) for categorical variables; mean ± SD for continuous normal variables (#); and medians (25th percentile, 75th percentile) for continuous non-normal variables ($). The difference between variables in both sexes was calculated by independent sample t-tests and Mann–Whitney U-tests for Gaussian and non-Gaussian variables, respectively, and χ2 test for categorical variables. p < 0.05 is considered significant. NA: data not available; BP: blood pressure; HDL: high density lipoprotein; VDBP: vitamin D binding protein.