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. 2023 Feb 1;15(3):745. doi: 10.3390/polym15030745

Table 1.

Proximate composition of cocoa bean shells (CBS) and saccharide profile of their corresponding cell wall materials (CWM).

Proximate Analyses of CBS
Components Content (%, w/dry w)
Fermented CCN51 Dried
CCN 51
Roasted
CCN 51
Roasted
NAC
Protein 13 ± 2 b 18.9 ± 1.0 a 12.8 ± 1.1 b 19.8 ± 1.9 a
Fat 0.3 ± 0.04 c 2.3 ± 0.4 b 2.1 ± 0.4 b 7.6 ± 0.4 a
Ash 6.1 ± 0.07 b 7.1 ± 0.1 a 6.5 ± 0.5 ab 7.1 ± 0.3 a
CHO 80.6 ± 2.1 a 71.7 ± 1.6 b 78.7 ± 1.1 a 65.5 ± 1.6 c
Fiber 61.4 ± 8.3 a 50.2 ± 7.3 a 50.1 ± 0.3 a 54.3 ± 2.8 a
Polyphenol content * 0.5 ± 0.1 a 0.6 ± 0.1 a 0.6 ± 0.1 a 0.4 ± 0.02 a
Composition of CWM of CBS
CWM yield 40.6 ± 12.6 41.6 ± 2.6 49.4 ± 0.04 48.1 ± 3.2
Polyphenol content * 0.05 ± 0.002 c 0.1 ± 0.01 a 0.1 ± 0.01 b 0.1 ± 0.01 b
Protein content * 16.6 ± 0.8 a 17.6 ± 1.6 a 17.3 ± 1.4 a 12.9 ± 1.1 a
Neutral sugar content * 31.4 ± 5.3 c 29.9 ± 7.6 bc 41.9 ± 5.8 a 40.9 ± 8.0 ab
Uronic acid content * 32.5 ± 7.6 a 36.5 ± 14.7 a 22.8 ± 2 a 29.8 ± 2.7 a
Monosaccharide profile (%, g/100 g rel. proportion)
Fucose 2.6 ± 0.03 a 3.6 ± 2.4 a 2.4 ± 0.05 a 2.8 ± 1.6 a
Rhamnose 6.2 ± 0.9 ab 5.1 ± 1.1 b 6.9 ± 0.4 ab 6.4 ± 0.1 a
Arabinose 13.8 ± 2.1 a 13.6 ± 1.26 a 17.2 ± 1.1 a 14.2 ± 0.9 a
Galactose 22.7 ± 2.5 a 23.7 ± 3.9 a 29.2 ± 1.4 a 27.2 ± 0.7 a
Glucose 3.3 ± 0.1 b 5.2 ± 0.7 b 7.1 ± 0.8 a 5.9 ± 0.3 a
Xylose + Mannose 0.9 ± 0.3 a 1.3 ± 0.12 a 1.9 ± 0.15 a 1.5 ± 0.2 a
Uronic acids 50.5 ± 5.9 a 47.5 ± 1.1 a 35.1 ± 2.0 a 42.1 ± 2.2 a
Hemi-cellulosic PS * 13.9 ± 0.8 a 19.4 ± 6.1 a 17.8 ± 1.9 a 17.5 ± 2.9 a
Pectic PS * 86.0 ± 0.8 a 80.6 ± 6.1 a 82.2 ± 1.9 a 82.5 ± 2.9 a
Polyphenol Profile of CBS and CWM (ng/Kg CBS/CWM CBS)
Gallic acid 0.2 ± 0.01 ab/0.3 ± 0.03 a 0.2 ± 0.06 a/0.2 ± 0.02 ab 0.1 ± 0.02 bc/n.d. **c n.d. **c/n.d. **c
Protocatechuic acid 7.2 ± 1.9 c/9.3 ± 0.03 c 23.2 ± 3.9 b/34.6 ± 5.2 a 7.0 ± 0.5 cd/5.3 ± 0.3 cd 1.3 ± 0.1 d/7.5 ± 1.1 c
Catechin 4.1 ± 0.4 cd/6.4 ± 0.1 cd 24.3 ± 6.7 a/20.2 ± 0.9 ab 0.3 ± 0.06 d/0.4 ± 0.04 d 13.0 ± 1.3 bc/2.1 ± 0.4 d
Epicatechin 37.4 ± 0.1 bc/65.8 ± 1.7 ab 122.8 ± 7.5 a/124.4 ± 26.9 a 6.1 ± 0.5 bc/10.1 ± 0.7 bc 0.9 ± 0.1 c/19.8 ± 2.6 bc
Caffeic acid 0.1 ± 0.03 b/0.4 ± 0.1 b 0.3 ± 0.1 b/0.4 ± 0.1 b 0.1 ± 0.003 b/9.6 ± 0.9 b 1.1 ± 0.1 a/0.3 ± 0.1 b
p-Coumaric acid 0.05 ± 0.01 b/0.05 ± 0.0005 b 0.1 ± 0.01 ab/0.1 ± 0.02 ab n.d. **b/n.d. **b 0.1 ± 0.01 ab/0.2 ± 0.04 a
Ferulic acid 0.2 ± 0.01 a/0.2 ± 0.04 a 0.1 ± 0.04 a/0.05 ± 0.0001 a 0.4 a/0.3 ± 0.2 a 0.2 ± 0.1 a/1.2 ± 0.1 a
Quercetin 2.1 ± 0.1 bc/4.6 ± 0.5 a 3.1 ± 0.3 ab/6.0 ± 1.1 a 0.4 ± 0.04 d/0.5 ± 0.003 d 0.8 ± 0.1 cd/n.d. ** d
Caffeine 261.6 ± 1.2 a/257.6 ± 7.9 a 139.4 ± 3.9 a/169.5 ± 13.1 a 4.5 ± 0.2 a/19.3 ± 0.4 a 17.7 ± 0.1 a/22.3 ± 5.0 a

Values reported as average ± standard deviation. * Units expressed as % weight per weight CWM. ** not detected. a Within the same row, means with different letters are significantly different at p < 0.05.