Table 2.
Alkaline extraction of polysaccharides from the cell wall material (CWM) of cocoa bean shells (CBS).
| Fermented CCN51 | Dried CCN 51 |
Roasted CCN 51 |
Roasted NAC |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.5 M KOH | ||||
| PS yield (%, w/w) | 23.7 ± 0.01 | 24.4 ± 0.05 | 29.1 ± 0.4 | 35.4 ± 4.3 |
| Neutral sugar content * | 27.1 ± 1.9 a | 25.5 ± 3.2 a | 20.6 ± 0.7 b | 13.5 ± 2.3 b |
| Uronic acid content * | 54.5 ± 9.3 a | 55.1 ± 0.9 a | 58.3 ± 5.2 a | 49.8 ± 3.02 a |
| Uronic/Neutral Sugar ratio | 2.01 | 2.16 | 2.83 | 3.69 |
| Monosaccharide Composition (%, g/100 g–relative proportion) | ||||
| Fucose | 0.9 ± 0.2 b | 0.7 ± 0.07 b | 1.8 ± 0.02 a | 1.8 ± 0.1 a |
| Rhamnose | 11.9 ± 0.6 a | 9.9 ± 0.8 a | 12.4 ± 0.3 a | 6.8 ± 1.1 b |
| Arabinose | 16.4 ± 0.9 a | 13.9 ± 0.8 a | 8.6 ± 0.01 b | 7.8 ± 0.6 b |
| Galactose | 22.4 ± 0.9 a | 18.5 ± 0.4 b | 8.1 ± 0.2 c | 17.5 ± 1.3 b |
| Glucose | 1.1 ± 0.1 b | 3.7 ± 1.1 a | 5.2 ± 0.5 a | 2.9 ± 0.1 ab |
| Xylose+ Mannose | 4.4 ± 0.9 b | 8.5 ± 1.9 ab | 12.6 ± 2.0 c | 5.0 ± 0.4 b |
| Uronic acids | 42.9 ± 2.5 b | 44.9 ± 2.6 b | 51.4 ± 3.1 ab | 58.2 ± 2.8 b |
| Pectic neutral sugars * | 88.8 ± 1.7 a | 76.8 ± 4.2 b | 59.9 ± 2.8 c | 76.8 ± 1.8 b |
| Branching | 3.3 | 3.3 | 1.3 | 3.7 |
| 4 M KOH | ||||
| PS yield (%, w/w) | 19.5 ± 0.05 | 21.1 ± 0.07 | 32.9 ± 0.08 | 53.6 ± 8.1 |
| Neutral sugar content * | 13.9 ± 2.1 a | 12.3 ± 0.7 a | 11.4 ± 1.4 a | 10.7 ± 0.2 a |
| Uronic acid content * | 47.9 ± 5.1 a | 60.3 ± 9.3 a | 60.8 ± 3.6 a | 51.6 ± 1.4 a |
| Uronic/Neutral Sugar ratio | 3.44 | 4.89 | 5.31 | 4.84 |
| Monosaccharide Composition (%, g/100 g–relative proportion) | ||||
| Fucose | 1.2 ± 0.2 b | 1.8 ± 0.1 b | 4.3 ± 0.1 a | 3.4 ± 0.4 a |
| Rhamnose | 3.5 ± 0.1 ab | 2.3 ± 0.4 b | 3.7 ± 0.3 a | 3.7 ± 0.5 a |
| Arabinose | 5.9 ± 0.7 c | 4.2 ± 0.3 c | 10.6 ± 0.6 b | 13.4 ± 0.6 a |
| Galactose | 14.9 ± 1.8 a | 15.9 ± 0.4 a | 10.7 ± 0.4 b | 9.9 ± 0.2 b |
| Glucose | 2.2 ± 0.7 a | 4.2 ± 2.2 a | 1.5 ± 0.1 a | 2.03 ± 0.04 a |
| Xylose + Mannose | 15.9 ± 0.6 a | 7.1 ± 1.8 b | 2.6 ± 0.04 c | 3.03 ± 0.2 c |
| Uronic acids | 56.4 ± 1.0 a | 64.6 ± 4.9 a | 66.7 ± 1.4 a | 64.5 ± 1.02 a |
| Pectic neutral sugars * | 55.6 ± 4.5 b | 63.6 ± 5.9 ab | 74.85 ± 0.62 a | 76.1 ± 1.3 a |
| Branching | 6 | 8.9 | 5.8 | 6.3 |
Values represented as averages ± standard deviation. Pectic neutral sugars calculated as (rhamnose + arabinose + galactose) × 100/total neutral sugars. Branching calculated as (rhamnose + arabinose/galactose). * Units expressed as % gram per 100 g sample. a Within the same row, means with different letters are significantly different at p < 0.05.