Table 3.

Predictors of increased diffuse interstitial or replacement myocardial fibrosis (highest quartile)

Diffuse myocardial fibrosis (ECV)
	Univariable		Multivariable model 1a		Multivariable model 2b
	Crude HR	p-value	Adjusted HR	p-value	Adjusted HR	p-value
Age (years)	1.00 (0.97–1.03)	0.772	0.98 (0.95–1.01)	0.234
Male	1.18 (0.66–2.11)	0.578	1.11 (0.61–2.04)	0.730
Diabetes	2.17 (1.17–4.04)	0.015	1.94 (0.99–3.79)	0.052	1.90 (1.00–3.61)	0.049
Hypertension	1.48 (0.80–2.71)	0.208	1.29 (0.66–2.51)	0.456	1.88 (0.96–3.68)	0.064
Atrial fibrillation	0.93 (0.38–2.28)	0.874	0.82 (0.32–2.08)	0.675
Ischemic heart disease	2.18 (1.14–4.17)	0.018	1.82 (0.90–3.66)	0.094
Peak aortic velocity (m/s)	0.76 (0.54–1.09)	0.139	0.83 (0.57–1.19)	0.311

Replacement fibrosis (LGE)
	Univariable		Multivariable model 1a		Multivariable model 2b
	Crude HR	p-value	Adjusted HR	p-value	Adjusted HR	p-value
Age (years)	1.03 (0.99–1.06)	0.100	1.01 (0.98–1.05)	0.427
Male	2.17 (1.20–3.93)	0.010	2.14 (1.14–4.01)	0.018	2.10 (1.13–3.92)	0.019
Diabetes	3.32 (1.80–6.12)	< 0.001	2.96 (1.53–5.73)	0.001	3.04 (1.60–5.76)	< 0.001
Hypertension	1.44 (0.79–2.62)	0.235	1.18 (0.60–2.30)	0.631
Atrial fibrillation	1.30 (0.57–3.01)	0.533	1.09 (0.45–2.68)	0.848
Ischemic heart disease	2.54 (1.34–4.81)	0.004	1.78 (0.89–3.56)	0.105	1.81 (0.92–3.58)	0.085
Peak aortic velocity (m/s)	1.03 (0.73–1.45)	0.869	1.21 (0.83–1.76)	0.312

Important clinical variables are shown in the first column

ECV, extracellular volume fraction; HR, hazard ratio; LGE, late gadolinium enhancement

^aModel 1 was adjusted for all variables in the first column

^bModel 2 was constructed with stepwise backward selection from variables presented in the first column