Table 1.

Application of resveratrol in swine production

Animal	Dosage	Stress model/ study design	Beneficial effects	Reference
Weaned piglets 21-day-old	300 mg/kg	7-d feeding	Increased villus height in the jejunum; Increased mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I activity, GRP78 and ATF4 protein expression level, and phosphorylation level of IRE1α in the liver	[86, 87]
Weaned piglets 28-day-old	300 mg/kg	28-d feeding	Increased apparent digestibility of crude fat; improved villus height, digestive enzyme activities, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal barrier function; decreased m6A enrichment of tight junction protein and antioxidant enzyme-related genes in the jejunum and ileum	[88, 89]
Weaned piglets 28-day-old	150, 300 mg/kg	42-d feeding	Increased IgG level and GPX activity while decreased MDA levels in the serum; enhanced villus and crypt morphology, and mRNA expression of ZO-1 and IL-10 in the jejunum	[17]
Weaned piglets 28-day-old	0.1, 0.33, 1.0 g/kg/d resveratrol dry suspension (3% resveratrol)	14-d feeding	Increased peripheral blood lymphocytes, splenic lymphocytes, white cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and hemocytes; improved antioxidant enzyme activities, inflammatory response, and antibody levels	[90]
Weaned piglets 28-day-old	300 mg/kg	28-d feeding	Increased IgA and IgG levels in the plasma; increased IL-10 mRNA expression and Lactobacillus copies while decreased IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA expression in the jejunum and ileum	[91]
Weaned piglets 21-day-old	300 mg/kg	IUGR, 14-d feeding	Increased jejunal villus height; alleviated intestinal oxidative stress by activating NRF2 pathway, inhibited enterocyte apoptosis and decreased intestinal barrier permeability; improved intestinal microbiota composition and increased butyrate production	[92]
Suckling piglets 7-day-old	80 mg/kg BW/d	IUGR, 14-d feeding	Decreased free fatty acid and alanine aminotransferase in serum; increased mRNA expression levels of LPL, GPX1, MCP1, and TNF-α while decreased total triglyceride, free fatty acid, protein carbonyl and MDA levels in the liver	[93]
Suckling piglets 4-day-old	600 mg/kg milk	IUGR, 21-d feeding	Increased CAT activity in the serum and liver; increased hepatic ATP production, and NRF1 mRNA expression	[94]
Suckling piglets 7-day-old	1 g/kg milk	IUGR, 21-d feeding	Increased feed efficiency; increased mitochondrial swelling, complex activities, antioxidant enzyme activities, ATP production, mitochondrial biogenesis, NAD + and NAD+/NADH ratio while decreased AMP/ATP ratio in the liver	[95]
Weaned piglets 21-day-old	300 mg/kg	Diquat challenge, 15-d feeding	Increased SOD activity while decreasing Chiu’s score and cell apoptosis percentage in the jejunum	[41, 96]
Weaned piglets 35-day-old	100 mg/kg	Diquat challenge, 14-d feeding	Increased ADG and ADFI; increased mitochondrial membrane potential, protein expression of PINK1, Parkin, LC3-II, and tight junction protein-related genes while decreased intestinal permeability and ROS production in the jejunum	[97]
Weaned piglets 28-day-old	10, 30, 90 mg/kg	Diquat challenge, 21-d feeding	Improved growth performance; enhanced villus and crypt morphology, antioxidant enzyme activities, and gene expression of antioxidant enzyme in the ileum and jejunum. Increased expression of antioxidant enzyme-related genes and decreased gene expression related to liver inflammation	[65, 98–100]
Weaned piglet 21-day-old	300 mg/kg	DON challenge, 28-d feeding	Improved growth performance; enhanced intestinal morphology, increased goblet cells, and mRNA and protein expression levels of tight junction protein while decreased pro-inflammatory factors levels and mRNA expression in the jejunum; alleviated the negative effects on mRNA and protein expression of mitophagy-related genes in the intestine of piglets challenged with DON	[21, 101]
Weaned piglets 28-day-old	300 mg/kg	DON challenge, 28-d feeding	Increased ADFI; increased villus height and villus height/crypt depth ratio, antioxidant enzyme activities, and mitochondrial membrane potential while decreased MDA and mitochondrial ROS levels in the jejunum	[102]
Weaned piglets 28-day-old	0.2% Respig® (containing resveratrol)	E. coli and Salmonella enterica challenge, 28-d feeding	Increased ADG and ADFI; increased serum IgG level; decreased fecal S. typhimurium and E. coli counts	[14]
Weaned piglets 32-day-old	3, 10, 30 mg/kg/d, resveratrol dry suspension	Rotavirus challenge, 25-d feeding	Increased CD4+ /CD8+ ratio; decreased diarrhea index; increased SOD and GPX while decreased MDA, TNF-α and IFN-γ levels in the serum	[103]
Weaned piglets 35-day-old	10, 30, 90 mg/kg BW	Pseudorabies virus challenge, 29-d feeding	Increased survival rate, BW, and serum concentrations of IFN-α, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-12; decreased Pseudorabies virus copies and lesional scores of brains, lung, kidney, liver, spleen, and heart	[104]
Weaned piglets 28-day-old	150, 300 mg/kg	42-d feeding	Increased expression of slow MyHC, SDH, and MDH activity of and type I fiber proportion; decreased LDH activity and type II fiber proportion	[105]
Growing-finishing pigs, 78.1 kg	300, 600 mg/kg	49-d feeding	Increased pH24h, a*, crude protein and myoglobin content and decreased L*, shear force, drip loss in the LM; Reduced backfat depth and visceral adipose tissue weight; Decreased PPARγ and FAS mRNA levels while increased HSL, ATGL and CPT-1 mRNA levels in the adipose tissue; decreased PPARγ, FAS, ACC, and LPL mRNA levels while increased HSL mRNA levels in the muscle	[22, 106]
Growing-finishing pigs, 65.0 kg	200, 400, 600 mg/kg feed	41-d feeding	Increased MyHC I and MyHC IIa and decreased MyHC IIb mRNA expression; increased SDH and MDH activities in the LM; increased AdipoR1, AdipoR2, AMPK, and PGC-1α expression in LM	[107]
Growing pigs, 24.67 kg	600 mg/kg	119-d feeding	Increased intramuscular fat content and mRNA expression of PPARγ, FAS, ACC, and LPL while reduced mRNA expression of CPT-1, and PPARα in the LM; increased expression of ssc-miR-181a, ssc-miR-370, and ssc-miR-21 and reduced expression of ssc-miR-27a in the LM	[108]
Newborn piglets 7-day-old	80 mg/kg BW (7–21 days old) 300 mg/kg (21–150 days old)	143-d feeding (NBW vs. IUGR)	Increased GPX activity and MyHC I gene expression, reduced protein carbonyl and MDA contents, enhanced fatty acid oxidation via upregulated PPARα and targeted genes expression, thereby improving drip loss and b*	[109]
Sows, average parity 4.4	300 mg/kg	Gestation and lactation	Increased weaning weights and ADG 7 d before and after weaning; Increased lactose content in the colostrum and fat content in the milk; alleviated weaning-associated intestinal inflammation and diarrhea and improved intestinal morphology; reduced drip loss and lactic acid level and increased pH24h in the LM of finishing offspring	[18, 110–112]
Sows, average parity 3	300 mg/kg	High temperatures, Gestation and lactation	Increased the number of piglets born alive in both temperature; increased litter weight gain in high temperature; increased antioxidant ability in the plasma and colostrum in both temperature; increased the IgA, IgG, and IgM levels in colostrum under high temperature; Increased Lactobacillus and Alloprevotella and decreased Escherichia-shigella in the faeces of piglets under high temperature	[113]

SDH succinate dehydrogenase, MDH malate dehydrogenase, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, AdipoR1 adiponectin receptor 1, PPAR peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ, FAS fatty acid synthase, LPL lipoprotein lipase, HSL hormone sensitive lipase, AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase, PGC-1α peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha, ACC acetyl-CoA carboxylase, ATGL adipose triglyceride lipase, CPT-1 carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1, CAT catalase, GRP78 glucose-regulated protein 78, ATF4 activating transcription factor 4, IRE1α inositol-requiring enzyme 1 alpha, Ig immunoglobulin G, GPX glutathione peroxidase, SOD superoxide dismutase, MDA malondialdehyde, ZO-1 zonula occludes 1, IL interleukin-10, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor α, NRF2 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, GSH glutathione, MCP1 monocyte chemotactic protein 1, NAD + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADH reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, PINK1 PTEN-induced putative kinase 1, LC3-II microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-II, DON deoxynivalenol, ROS reactive oxygen species, IFN interferon-α, ADG average daily gain, ADFI average daily feed intake, BW body weight, NRF1 nuclear respiratory factor 1, MyHC myosin heavy chain, LM longissimus muscle, b* yellowness, a* redness, L* lightness