Table 1.
Basic characteristics of participants by quartile of UPF consumption.
| Quartile of UPF (g/Day) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (<6.5) | Q2 (6.5–16.3) | Q3 (16.3–36.1) | Q4 (>36.1) | p-Value | |
| Gender | 0.070 | ||||
| Men | 610 (47.4) | 636 (49.4) | 651 (50.6) | 676 (52.5) | |
| Women | 676 (52.6) | 652 (50.6) | 635 (49.4) | 611 (47.5) | |
| Age | 0.566 | ||||
| 18–44 | 435 (33.8) | 455 (35.3) | 437 (34.0) | 477 (37.1) | |
| 45–59 | 511 (39.7) | 501 (38.9) | 525 (40.8) | 483 (37.5) | |
| ≥60 | 340 (26.4) | 332 (25.8) | 324 (25.2) | 327 (25.4) | |
| Education level | <0.001 | ||||
| Junior high school or below | 1050 (81.7) | 984 (76.4) | 954 (74.2) | 777 (60.4) | |
| Senior high school or above | 236 (18.4) | 304 (23.6) | 332 (25.8) | 510 (39.6) | |
| Place of residence | <0.001 | ||||
| Urban areas | 267 (20.8) | 352 (27.3) | 445 (34.6) | 626 (48.6) | |
| Rural areas | 1019 (79.2) | 936 (72.7) | 841 (65.4) | 661 (51.4) | |
| Region of residence | <0.001 | ||||
| Northern regions | 424 (33.0) | 493 (38.3) | 475 (36.9) | 554 (43.1) | |
| Southern regions | 862 (67.0) | 795 (61.7) | 811 (63.1) | 733 (56.9) | |
| Individual annual income | <0.001 | ||||
| Low | 536 (41.7) | 493 (38.3) | 411 (32.0) | 303 (23.5) | |
| Medium | 449 (34.9) | 450 (34.9) | 436 (33.9) | 370 (28.8) | |
| High | 301 (23.4) | 345 (26.8) | 439 (34.1) | 614 (47.7) | |
| Smoking history | 0.340 | ||||
| Yes | 382 (29.7) | 346 (26.9) | 369 (28.7) | 382 (29.7) | |
| No | 904 (70.3) | 942 (73.1) | 917 (71.3) | 905 (70.3) | |
| Drinking past year | 0.549 | ||||
| Yes | 393 (30.6) | 387 (30.1) | 399 (31.0) | 419 (32.6) | |
| No | 893 (69.4) | 901 (70.0) | 887 (69.0) | 868 (67.4) | |
| Physical activity | <0.001 | ||||
| Low | 424 (33.0) | 405 (31.4) | 422 (32.8) | 464 (36.1) | |
| Medium | 406 (31.6) | 427 (33.2) | 410 (31.9) | 475 (36.9) | |
| High | 456 (35.5) | 456 (35.4) | 454 (35.3) | 348 (27.0) | |
| Urbanization | <0.001 | ||||
| Low | 571 (44.4) | 487 (37.8) | 402 (31.3) | 321 (24.9) | |
| Medium | 414 (32.2) | 424 (32.9) | 422 (32.8) | 417 (32.4) | |
| High | 301 (23.4) | 377 (29.3) | 462 (35.9) | 549 (42.7) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.014 | ||||
| <18.5 | 82 (6.4) | 97 (7.5) | 84 (6.5) | 70 (5.4) | |
| 18.5–23.9 | 812 (63.1) | 758 (58.9) | 761 (59.2) | 742 (57.7) | |
| ≥24.0 | 392 (30.5) | 433 (33.6) | 441 (34.3) | 475 (36.9) | |
| Energy (kcal/day) | 2165.5 ± 703.2 | 2188.5 ± 677.1 | 2217.8 ± 709.9 | 2259.2 ± 743.4 | 0.025 |
| Protein (g/day) | 66.1 ± 24.1 | 69.9 ± 24.8 | 72.2 ± 26.9 | 76.4 ± 30.4 | <0.001 |
| Fat (g/day) | 74.5 ± 38.4 | 79.1 ± 38.5 | 83.3 ± 41.3 | 88.8 ± 43.7 | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate (g/day) | 299.1 ± 117.2 | 286.6 ± 108.4 | 282.2 ± 106.7 | 278.1 ± 109.6 | <0.001 |
| Sodium (mg/day) | 4380.3 ± 4188.8 | 4778.0 ± 3575.4 | 5439.8 ± 6152.9 | 5859.4 ± 5939.3 | <0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 79.95 ± 9.33 | 80.35 ± 9.34 | 80.43 ± 10.50 | 80.68 ± 10.73 | 0.052 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.21 ± 0.77 | 1.23 ± 0.80 | 1.21 ± 0.83 | 1.18 ± 0.73 | 0.284 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.49 ± 0.37 | 1.49 ± 0.44 | 1.47 ± 0.42 | 1.45 ± 0.35 | 0.045 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 121.54 ± 17.06 | 122.17 ± 17.09 | 122.47 ± 17.05 | 121.32 ± 15.94 | 0.272 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 78.58 ± 10.72 | 79.24 ± 10.90 | 79.18 ± 10.31 | 78.59 ± 9.75 | 0.199 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 5.12 ± 1.02 | 5.11 ± 0.99 | 5.09 ± 0.90 | 5.03 ± 0.97 | 0.011 |
Values are given as the number of subjects, the percentage for categorical variables, and mean ± SD for continuous variables.