Table 2.
Associations of UPF consumption with MetS and its components.
| Quartile of UPF (g/Day) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p Trend | |
| MetS a | |||||
| Median | 3.3 | 10.9 | 23.5 | 60.8 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.08 (0.95, 1.24) | 1.08 (0.94, 1.24) | 1.14 (0.99, 1.31) | 0.126 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.08 (0.95, 1.24) | 1.09 (0.95, 1.25) | 1.16 (1.00, 1.33) * | 0.075 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.08 (0.94, 1.23) | 1.08 (0.94, 1.24) | 1.17 (1.01, 1.35) * | 0.047 |
| Central obesity b | |||||
| Median | 3.3 | 11.6 | 26.5 | 67.0 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.07 (0.95, 1.20) | 1.12 (0.99, 1.26) | 1.28 (1.13, 1.44) *** | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.08 (0.96, 1.21) | 1.13 (1.01, 1.28) * | 1.30 (1.15, 1.47) *** | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.07 (0.95, 1.20) | 1.13 (1.01, 1.28) * | 1.33 (1.18, 1.51) *** | <0.001 |
| Raised TG c | |||||
| Median | 3.4 | 11.4 | 25.0 | 63.5 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.06 (0.91, 1.23) | 1.07 (0.92, 1.25) | 1.25 (1.07, 1.46) ** | 0.003 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.06 (0.91, 1.24) | 1.08 (0.92, 1.25) | 1.26 (1.08, 1.48) ** | 0.002 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.06 (0.91, 1.23) | 1.08 (0.92, 1.26) | 1.26 (1.08, 1.48) ** | 0.003 |
| Reduced HDL-C d | |||||
| Median | 3.4 | 11.0 | 23.7 | 60.3 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.07 (0.92, 1.24) | 1.21 (1.04, 1.40) * | 1.18 (1.01, 1.38) * | 0.044 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.08 (0.93, 1.25) | 1.22 (1.05, 1.41) ** | 1.21 (1.04, 1.41) * | 0.023 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.08 (0.93, 1.26) | 1.24 (1.07, 1.44) ** | 1.25 (1.07, 1.46) ** | 0.007 |
| Raised BP e | |||||
| Median | 3.3 | 11.6 | 26.9 | 66.9 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.05 (0.94, 1.17) | 1.05 (0.93, 1.17) | 1.14 (1.02, 1.29) * | 0.033 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.06 (0.95, 1.18) | 1.05 (0.94, 1.18) | 1.16 (1.03, 1.31) * | 0.022 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.05 (0.94, 1.18) | 1.04 (0.93, 1.16) | 1.16 (1.03, 1.32) * | 0.018 |
| Raised FPG f | |||||
| Median | 3.4 | 11.3 | 25.2 | 64.4 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.04 (0.92, 1.18) | 1.04 (0.92, 1.17) | 1.07 (0.94, 1.22) | 0.404 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.06 (0.94, 1.20) | 1.05 (0.93, 1.19) | 1.09 (0.96, 1.24) | 0.287 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.05 (0.93, 1.19) | 1.07 (0.94, 1.21) | 1.11 (0.98, 1.27) | 0.141 |
a n = 5147. b n = 5558. c n = 5412. d n = 5411. e n = 5695. f n = 5585. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Model 1 adjusted gender, age, education level, place of residence, regions, and income level; Model 2 further adjusted smoking history, drinking status, metabolic equivalents, and urbanicity based on Model 1; Model 3 further adjusted BMI, total energy intake, protein intake, fat intake, carbohydrate intake, and sodium intake based on Model 2.