Table 3.
Association between the healthful Plant-based Diet Index (hPDI) and the risk of newly-diagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in three cohorts of U.S. adults.
| Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (n = 46,948) | Nurses’ Health Study (n = 73,592) | Nurses’ Health Study II (n = 85,515) | POOLED | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Person-Years | HR (95% CI) | No. | Person-Years | HR (95% CI) | No. | Person-Years | HR (95% CI) | No. | HR (95% CI) | |
| Age-adjusted model 1 | |||||||||||
| Quintile 1 | 181 | 237,482 | 1.00 (ref) | 325 | 430,763 | 1.00 (ref) | 142 | 457,532 | 1.00 (ref) | 648 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Quintile 2 | 151 | 235,314 | 0.70 (0.56–0.86) | 264 | 444,616 | 0.67 (0.57–0.79) | 127 | 448,784 | 0.81 (0.64–1.03) | 542 | 0.71 (0.63–0.80) |
| Quintile 3 | 136 | 234,879 | 0.58 (0.47–0.73) | 276 | 437,682 | 0.67 (0.57–0.79) | 138 | 459,824 | 0.83 (0.66–1.06) | 550 | 0.68 (0.61–0.76) |
| Quintile 4 | 138 | 238,607 | 0.54 (0.43–0.67) | 250 | 441,734 | 0.56 (0.47–0.66) | 116 | 474,505 | 0.65 (0.51–0.83) | 504 | 0.57 (0.51–0.64) |
| Quintile 5 | 95 | 229,662 | 0.36 (0.28–0.47) | 195 | 441,329 | 0.38 (0.32–0.46) | 71 | 449,283 | 0.38 (0.28–0.50) | 361 | 0.38 (0.33–0.43) |
| p for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
| p value * | 0.78 | ||||||||||
| I2 † | 0 | ||||||||||
| Multivariable-adjusted model 2 ‡ | |||||||||||
| Quintile 1 | 181 | 237,482 | 1.00 (ref) | 325 | 430,763 | 1.00 (ref) | 142 | 457,532 | 1.00 (ref) | 648 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Quintile 2 | 151 | 235,314 | 0.76 (0.61–0.95) | 264 | 444,616 | 0.72 (0.61–0.85) | 127 | 448,784 | 0.87 (0.68–1.11) | 542 | 0.77 (0.68–0.86) |
| Quintile 3 | 136 | 234,879 | 0.67 (0.53–0.83) | 276 | 437,682 | 0.76 (0.65–0.89) | 138 | 459,824 | 0.93 (0.74–1.18) | 550 | 0.77 (0.69–0.87) |
| Quintile 4 | 138 | 238,607 | 0.64 (0.51–0.80) | 250 | 441,734 | 0.66 (0.56–0.78) | 116 | 474,505 | 0.74 (0.57–0.94) | 504 | 0.67 (0.60–0.76) |
| Quintile 5 | 95 | 229,662 | 0.47 (0.37–0.61) | 195 | 441,329 | 0.49 (0.41–0.59) | 71 | 449,283 | 0.46 (0.34–0.61) | 361 | 0.48 (0.42–0.55) |
| p for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
| p value * | 0.87 | ||||||||||
| I2 † | 0 | ||||||||||
| Multivariable-adjusted model 3 § | |||||||||||
| Quintile 1 | 181 | 237,482 | 1.00 (ref) | 325 | 430,763 | 1.00 (ref) | 142 | 457,532 | 1.00 (ref) | 648 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Quintile 2 | 151 | 235,314 | 0.78 (0.63–0.97) | 264 | 444,616 | 0.76 (0.64–0.89) | 127 | 448,784 | 0.90 (0.71–1.15) | 542 | 0.79 (0.70–0.89) |
| Quintile 3 | 136 | 234,879 | 0.69 (0.54–0.86) | 276 | 437,682 | 0.82 (0.69–0.97) | 138 | 459,824 | 1.01 (0.79–1.30) | 550 | 0.82 (0.73–0.92) |
| Quintile 4 | 138 | 238,607 | 0.66 (0.52–0.83) | 250 | 441,734 | 0.72 (0.61–0.87) | 116 | 474,505 | 0.82 (0.63–1.07) | 504 | 0.73 (0.64–0.82) |
| Quintile 5 | 95 | 229,662 | 0.49 (0.38–0.64) | 195 | 441,329 | 0.55 (0.45–0.67) | 71 | 449,283 | 0.55 (0.40–0.76) | 361 | 0.54 (0.47–0.62) |
| p for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
| p value * | 0.59 | ||||||||||
| I2 † | 0 | ||||||||||
| Multivariable-adjusted model 4 ¶ | |||||||||||
| Quintile 1 | 181 | 237,482 | 1.00 (ref) | 325 | 430,763 | 1.00 (ref) | 142 | 457,532 | 1.00 (ref) | 648 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Quintile 2 | 151 | 235,314 | 0.78 (0.63–0.97) | 264 | 444,616 | 0.76 (0.64–0.90) | 127 | 448,784 | 0.91 (0.72–1.17) | 542 | 0.80 (0.71–0.90) |
| Quintile 3 | 136 | 234,879 | 0.68 (0.54–0.86) | 276 | 437,682 | 0.83 (0.70–0.98) | 138 | 459,824 | 1.03 (0.81–1.33) | 550 | 0.83 (0.74–0.93) |
| Quintile 4 | 138 | 238,607 | 0.68 (0.54–0.86) | 250 | 441,734 | 0.74 (0.62–0.88) | 116 | 474,505 | 0.85 (0.65–1.11) | 504 | 0.74 (0.66–0.84) |
| Quintile 5 | 95 | 229,662 | 0.53 (0.40–0.70) | 195 | 441,329 | 0.58 (0.47–0.71) | 71 | 449,283 | 0.58 (0.42–0.80) | 361 | 0.56 (0.49–0.65) |
| p for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.004 | <0.001 | |||||||
| p value * | 0.64 | ||||||||||
| I2 † | 0 | ||||||||||
A total of 701 cases occurred during 32 years of follow-up in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (n = 46,948). A total of 1310 cases occurred during 34 years of follow-up in the Nurses’ Health Study (n = 73,592). A total of 594 cases occurred during 26 years of follow-up in the Nurses’ Health Study II (n = 85,515). * p value, test for between-studies heterogeneity. † I2, degree of heterogeneity between-studies expressed as a percent of total variance. ‡ Multivariable-adjusted model 2 includes age, smoking (never, former, current), pack -years of smoking (in ever smokers only; continuous), and pack-years2 of smoking (in ever smokers only; continuous). § Multivariable-adjusted model 3 includes model 2 variables (see above) plus physical activity (metabolic equivalent task–hours/week, in quintiles), total caloric intake (continuous), US region (West, Midwest, South, or Northeast), race (white, or non-white), census tract median family income (continuous) and census tract median family home value (continuous). ¶ Multivariable-adjusted model 4 includes model 3 variables (see above) plus processed meat intake (never/almost never, <1 serving/week, ≥1 servings/week).