Table 4.
Association between the unhealthful Plant-based Diet Index (uPDI) and the risk of newly-diagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in three cohorts of U.S. adults.
| Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (n = 46,948) | Nurses’ Health Study (n = 73,592) | Nurses’ Health Study II (n = 85,515) | POOLED | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Person-Years | HR (95% CI) | No. | Person-Years | HR (95% CI) | No. | Person-Years | HR (95% CI) | No. | HR (95% CI) | |
| Age-adjusted model 1 | |||||||||||
| Quintile 1 | 136 | 235,773 | 1.00 (ref) | 226 | 444,453 | 1.00 (ref) | 108 | 453,517 | 1.00 (ref) | 470 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Quintile 2 | 145 | 235,990 | 1.09 (0.86–1.38) | 236 | 446,779 | 1.06 (0.88–1.27) | 119 | 454,972 | 1.17 (0.89–1.50) | 500 | 1.09 (0.96–1.24) |
| Quintile 3 | 129 | 233,361 | 1.02 (0.80–1.30) | 267 | 440,682 | 1.24 (1.04–1.48) | 129 | 458,229 | 1.30 (1.00–1.68) | 525 | 1.19 (1.05–1.35) |
| Quintile 4 | 161 | 236,895 | 1.27 (1.01–1.60) | 278 | 434,053 | 1.34 (1.12–1.60) | 107 | 461,976 | 1.12 (0.85–1.46) | 546 | 1.27 (1.12–1.44) |
| Quintile 5 | 130 | 233,924 | 1.12 (0.88–1.43) | 303 | 430,156 | 1.54 (1.29–1.83) | 131 | 461,233 | 1.46 (1.13–1.88) | 564 | 1.40 (1.24–1.58) |
| p for trend | 0.14 | <0.001 | 0.01 | <0.001 | |||||||
| p value * | 0.10 | ||||||||||
| I2 † | 57.9 | ||||||||||
| Multivariable-adjusted model 2 ‡ | |||||||||||
| Quintile 1 | 136 | 235,773 | 1.00 (ref) | 226 | 444,453 | 1.00 (ref) | 108 | 453,517 | 1.00 (ref) | 470 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Quintile 2 | 145 | 235,990 | 1.12 (0.88–1.41) | 236 | 446,779 | 1.00 (0.83–1.20) | 119 | 454,972 | 1.17 (0.90–1.51) | 500 | 1.07 (0.94–1.21) |
| Quintile 3 | 129 | 233,361 | 1.02 (0.80–1.30) | 267 | 440,682 | 1.11 (0.93–1.33) | 129 | 458,229 | 1.25 (0.97–1.62) | 525 | 1.12 (0.99–1.27) |
| Quintile 4 | 161 | 236,895 | 1.26 (1.00–1.59) | 278 | 434,053 | 1.18 (0.98–1.40) | 107 | 461,976 | 1.04 (0.80–1.36) | 546 | 1.17 (1.03–1.32) |
| Quintile 5 | 130 | 233,924 | 1.10 (0.86–1.40) | 303 | 430,156 | 1.29 (1.08–1.53) | 131 | 461,233 | 1.39 (1.08–1.81) | 564 | 1.26 (1.11–1.42) |
| p for trend | 0.23 | <0.001 | 0.06 | <0.001 | |||||||
| p value * | 0.57 | ||||||||||
| I2 † | 0 | ||||||||||
| Multivariable-adjusted model 3 § | |||||||||||
| Quintile 1 | 136 | 235,773 | 1.00 (ref) | 226 | 444,453 | 1.00 (ref) | 108 | 453,517 | 1.00 (ref) | 470 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Quintile 2 | 145 | 235,990 | 1.13 (0.89–1.43) | 236 | 446,779 | 1.05 (0.87–1.26) | 119 | 454,972 | 1.22 (0.94–1.60) | 500 | 1.11 (0.98–1.26) |
| Quintile 3 | 129 | 233,361 | 1.04 (0.82–1.34) | 267 | 440,682 | 1.18 (0.98–1.42) | 129 | 458,229 | 1.36 (1.04–1.76) | 525 | 1.18 (1.03–1.34) |
| Quintile 4 | 161 | 236,895 | 1.30 (1.02–1.65) | 278 | 434,053 | 1.26 (1.04–1.51) | 107 | 461,976 | 1.15 (0.88–1.55) | 546 | 1.24 (1.09–1.42) |
| Quintile 5 | 130 | 233,924 | 1.12 (0.86–1.46) | 303 | 430,156 | 1.36 (1.13–1.64) | 131 | 461,233 | 1.58 (1.20–2.10) | 564 | 1.39 (1.22–1.58) |
| p for trend | 0.18 | <0.001 | 0.009 | <.001 | |||||||
| p value * | 0.44 | ||||||||||
| I2 † | 0 | ||||||||||
| Multivariable-adjusted model 4 ¶ | |||||||||||
| Quintile 1 | 136 | 235,773 | 1.00 (ref) | 226 | 444,453 | 1.00 (ref) | 108 | 453,517 | 1.00 (ref) | 470 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Quintile 2 | 145 | 235,990 | 1.13 (0.89–1.43) | 236 | 446,779 | 1.03 (0.86–1.24) | 119 | 454,972 | 1.21 (0.93–1.58) | 500 | 1.10 (0.97–1.25) |
| Quintile 3 | 129 | 233,361 | 1.04 (0.81–1.33) | 267 | 440,682 | 1.16 (0.97–1.39) | 129 | 458,229 | 1.34 (1.03–1.74) | 525 | 1.16 (1.02–1.32) |
| Quintile 4 | 161 | 236,895 | 1.29 (1.01–1.64) | 278 | 434,053 | 1.23 (1.02–1.48) | 107 | 461,976 | 1.13 (0.85–1.50) | 546 | 1.23 (1.08–1.39) |
| Quintile 5 | 130 | 233,924 | 1.12 (0.86–1.45) | 303 | 430,156 | 1.34 (1.11–1.61) | 131 | 461,233 | 1.56 (1.18–2.07) | 564 | 1.32 (1.16–1.51) |
| p for trend | 0.20 | <0.001 | 0.01 | <0.001 | |||||||
| p value * | 0.48 | ||||||||||
| I2 † | 0 | ||||||||||
A total of 701 cases occurred during 32 years of follow-up in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (n = 46,948). A total of 1310 cases occurred during 34 years of follow-up in the Nurses’ Health Study (n = 73,592). A total of 594 cases occurred during 26 years of follow-up in the Nurses’ Health Study II (n = 85,515). * p value, test for between-studies heterogeneity. † I2, degree of heterogeneity between-studies expressed as a percent of total variance. ‡ Multivariable-adjusted model 2 includes age, smoking (never, former, current), pack -years of smoking (in ever smokers only; continuous), and pack-years2 of smoking (in ever smokers only; continuous). § Multivariable-adjusted model 3 includes model 2 variables (see above) plus physical activity (metabolic equivalent task–hours/week, in quintiles), total caloric intake (continuous), US region (West, Midwest, South, or Northeast), race (white, or non-white), census tract median family income (continuous) and census tract median family home value (continuous). ¶ Multivariable-adjusted model 4 includes model 3 variables (see above) plus processed meat intake (never/almost never, <1 serving/week, ≥1 servings/week).