Figure 1. ATFS-1 is required for development after prolonged L1 arrest.

(A) Schematic illustrating ATFS-1-mediated UPR^mt signaling.

(B) Lifespan analysis comparing wild-type, atfs-1(null), and atfs-1^ΔNLS worms (statistical analyses from three independent repeats are reported in Table S3).

(C) Lifespan analysis comparing wild-type and atfs-1(null) worms during L1 arrest statistical analyses from three independent repeats are reported in Table S1).

(D) Schematic depicting the experimental protocol comparing worms that were directly hatched in the presence of bacteria (control) and worms that were maintained as arrested L1s for 5 days and then transferred to plates seeded with bacteria (L1 arrestfed).

(E) Images of wild-type and atfs-1(null) worms under control and L1 arrest-fed conditions, obtained when control worms reached the L4 stage (scale bar, 0.5 mm).

(F) Quantification of body length, comparing wild-type and atfs-1(null) worms under control and L1 arrest-fed conditions (n = 3 ± SD, ****p < 0.0001, two-way ANOVA with post-hoc Sidak’s test).

(G) Brood size quantification of wild-type and atfs-1(null) worms under control and L1 arrest-fed conditions (n = 5 ± SD, *p = 0.014, two-way ANOVA with post-hoc Sidak’s test).

(H) Images of wild-type and atfs-1(null) worms expressing GLH-1::GFP under control or L1 arrest-fed conditions, obtained when the control worms reached day 1 of adulthood (scale bar, 0.02 mm).

(I) Images of wild-type and atfs-1(null) worms expressing PIE-1::GFP under control or L1 arrest-fed conditions obtained when the control worms reached day 1 of adulthood (scale bar, 0.02 mm).