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. 2023 Feb 11;14(2):107. doi: 10.1038/s41419-023-05652-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — A, B Equal numbers of control and CDK5RAP2-knockdown stable Cal27 cells A or HSC-3 cells B were seeded into ultra-low-attachment plates and incubated for 8 days, after which the spheres (diameter > 50 μm) were counted. Scale bars, 50 μm. C Correlation between CDK5RAP2 and HNSCC CSC markers. D Heatmap presenting gene-expression profiles of control and stable CDK5RAP2-knockdown cells. Gene expression was measured using RNA-sequencing, and GSEA was performed. E Control and stable CDK5RAP2-knockdown cells were inoculated subcutaneously into nude mice. The panel shows representative images of tumor sections stained with antibodies against ALDH1, SOX2, CD44, CD133, Notch1, EZH2, and CCND1. Image J was used to analyze the relative expression intensities of indicated CSC markers from isolated xenograft tumors. Scale bar, 100 μm. All data are presented as means ± SD; ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, ^***P < 0.001, two-tailed Student’s t-test.