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. 2023 Feb 11;13:2452. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-29287-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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In comparison with the control, immunohistochemical labelling of (A) p-GSK-3β and (B) BDNF in SN region different experimental groups revealed a reduction in expression in the rotenone group (***p < 0.001), whereas OLE treatment dramatically increased p-GSK-3β and BDNF expression(**p < 0.01). The florescent image was analysed by software image J at 20× magnification. The one-way ANOVA was used to analyse the data, followed by the Newman–Keuls test. The mean ± SEM (n = 6) is used to depict the values.