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. 2023 Feb 11;13:2452. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-29287-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A–E) Using the Western blotting method and protein densitometry analysis, the relative expression of Bax, Caspase-3, Bcl-2, p-Akt and p-GSK-3β was examined in the SN of mice (A). OLE inhibited the increase in ratio of Bax/BCl₂ (B) and decrease in the expression of cleaved caspase 3 (C). Additionally, phosphorylation of Akt (D) and GSK3β (E) was increased by OLE. The one-way ANOVA was used to analyse the data, followed by the Newman–Keuls test. The mean ± SEM (n = 6) is used to depict the values (***p < 0.001 and **p < 0.01).