*The largest study focused on urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio. Several included serum albumin studies.
**Pediatric population.
***For case-control studies, the total sample sizes were plotted.
CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FSGS, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis; GWAS, genome-wide association studies; IgAN, IgA nephropathy; KF, kidney failure; LN, lupus nephritis; MCD, minimal change disease; MN, membranous nephropathy; Scr, serum creatinine; SRNS and SSNS, steroid-resistant and steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome; T1DM and T2DM, types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus; WES, whole exome sequencing; WGS, whole genome sequencing.