Skip to main content
. 2022 Dec 27;15(1):186–203. doi: 10.21037/jtd-22-886

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Signaling pathways related to senescence of alveolar epithelial cells in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Each color represents a signaling pathway. Four main signaling pathways are involved in inducing the aging of alveolar epithelial cells: WNT, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, and mTOR signaling pathways. TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IL, interleukin; LEF, lymphatic enhancer factor; TCF, T cell factor; PI3K/Akt, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin.