Table 2. List of potential cell senescence inhibitor targeting signaling pathways.
| Target | Compound | Function | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| WNT | HBEC EVs | Reduces WNT3A, WNT5A, and WNT10B expression | (153) |
| ZNF24 | Inhibits cylinD1, c-MYC, cJUN, fra-1, WISP1, and MMIP7 | (154) | |
| Klotho | Inhibits WNT1- and WNT9a-induced mitochondrial injury | (155,156) | |
| Ginsenoside Rg1 | Inhibits TCF, LEF, p-GSK-3β, and c-MYC but activates GSK-3β | (157,158) | |
| Betulinic acid | Increases the phospho-β-catenin ratio (S33/S37/T41 and S45), inhibits the phosphorylation of DVL2 and LRP, and decreases the levels of Wnt3a and LRP6 | (159) | |
| PRI-724 | Reduces CBP protein and increases p300 protein binding to β-catenin in the nucleus of lung fibroblasts | (160) | |
| Dickkopf 1 | A more specific WNT inhibitor and the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant mitoquinone | (161,162) | |
| Baicalein | Weaken the phosphorylation of GSK3β (S9) and alleviate the senescence of alveolar epithelial cells | (67) | |
| Akt/mTOR | SHQA | Inhibits the phosphorylation of Akt, mTOR, and downstream targets of mTOR, such as p-S6K | (163) |
| Resveratrol | Suppresses ROS generation and increases the activity of the PI3K/Akt pathway | (164,165) | |
| NF-κB | ICA | Decreases the protein levels of p50 and p65 | (166) |
| SR12343 | Inhibits NF‐κB activation by disrupting the association between IKKβ and NEMO | (55) | |
| metformin | Increases production of collagen I–III and decreases activation of NF-κB(p65) activity under the high glucose conditions | (167) | |
| Avenanthramide C | Suppress SASP production by activating AMPK and inhibiting p38/NF-κB signaling pathway | (168) | |
| SIRT1 activators | Inhibits NF‐κB activation by deacetylating the RelA/p65 component of NF-κB complex | (58,169) |
Akt, protein kinase B; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; HBEC EVs, human bronchial epithelial cell-derived EVs; ZNF24, Zinc finger transcription factor 24; SHQA, sargahydroquinoic acid; ICA, icariin; TCF, transcription factor T cytokine; LEF, lymphatic enhancer factor; LRP, lipoprotein receptor-related protein; CBP, CREB binding protein; ROS, reactive oxygen species; PI3K/Akt, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; IKK, IkappaB kinase; NEMO, NF-kappaB essential modulator; SASP, senescence-associated secretory phenotype; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase.