Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and their association with reporting gastrointestinal side effects (GSEA) among patients treated with liraglutide.
| Characteristic | All (n=254) | GSEA (n=74) | non-GSEA (n=180) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age(year) | 52.20 ± 12.61 | 54.78 ± 11.42 | 51.14 ± 12.95 | 0.036* |
| Male (female) | 159 (95) | 28 (46) | 131 (49) | < 0.001* |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.33 ± 3.97 | 24.83 ± 4.11 | 25.53 ± 3.90 | 0.198 |
| HbA1c (%) | 10.06 ± 2.34 | 10.12 ± 2.61 | 10.03 ± 2.22 | 0.780 |
| FISN (uIU/ml) | 6.83 (3.71,13.00) | 6.46 (3.58,12.24) | 6.97 (3.71,13.25) | 0.675 |
| C-peptide (ng/mL) | 1.94 (1.29,2.80) | 1.82 (1.27,2.63) | 1.97 (1.29,2.83) | 0.643 |
| TSH (uIU/ml) | 1.58 (1.04,2.16) | 1.85 (1.30,2.73) | 1.5 (1.01,2.12) | 0.004* |
| FT3 (pmol/L) | 4.08 ± 0.62 | 3.94 ± 0.60 | 4.13 ± 0.63 | 0.029* |
| FT4 (pmol/L) | 15.19 ± 3.21 | 14.88 ± 3.06 | 15.32 ± 3.27 | 0.321 |
| ALT (U/L) | 23.25 (16.08,39.50) | 21.45 (14.85,34.95) | 24.75 (16.65,41) | 0.118 |
| SCr (μmol/L) | 57.30 (48.58,72.15) | 55.00 (43.58,69.40) | 59.05 (49.93,74.6) | 0.065 |
| metformin Yes (No) | 221 (33) | 65 (9) | 156 (24) | 1.000 |
| AGI Yes (No) | 56 (198) | 25 (49) | 31 (149) | 0.007* |
| GID Yes (No) | 44 (210) | 19 (55) | 25 (155) | 0.004* |
Variables are shown as the mean ± sd or median (interquartile range).
BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; FISN, fasting plasma insulin; TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone; FT3, free triiodothyronine; FT4, free thyroxine; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; SCr, serum creatinine; GID, gastrointestinal diseases; AGI, α-glucosidase inhibitor. *p < 0.05 (GSEA vs. non-GSEA).