Table 3.
Associations of smoking status with clinically relevant depressive symptoms among adults (n = 16,724) in NHANES (2005–2018).
| Exposure | OR (95%CI), P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
| Smoking status | |||
| Never smokers | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Previous smokers | 1.28 (1.09–1.50) 0.003 | 1.43 (1.21–1.68) < 0.001 | 1.25 (1.05–1.48) 0.013 |
| Occasional smokers | 2.06 (1.58–2.69) < 0.001 | 2.30 (1.74–3.05) < 0.001 | 1.84 (1.39–2.45) < 0.001 |
| Daily smokers | 3.28 (2.90–3.71) < 0.001 | 3.82 (3.35–4.36) < 0.001 | 2.37 (2.05–2.75) < 0.001 |
| P for trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Model 1: adjust for none. Model 2: adjust for age, gender, BMI, race. Model 3: adjust for age, gender, BMI, race, educational level, marital status, family PIR, diabetes, failing kidneys, heart failure, coronary heart disease, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, cancer or malignancy.
P-values for trends were calculated by modeling rank values for smoking status as continuous variables.
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.