Skip to main content
. 2023 Jan 30;11:1081706. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1081706

Table 3.

Associations of smoking status with clinically relevant depressive symptoms among adults (n = 16,724) in NHANES (2005–2018).

Exposure OR (95%CI), P-value
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
Smoking status
Never smokers 1 1 1
Previous smokers 1.28 (1.09–1.50) 0.003 1.43 (1.21–1.68) < 0.001 1.25 (1.05–1.48) 0.013
Occasional smokers 2.06 (1.58–2.69) < 0.001 2.30 (1.74–3.05) < 0.001 1.84 (1.39–2.45) < 0.001
Daily smokers 3.28 (2.90–3.71) < 0.001 3.82 (3.35–4.36) < 0.001 2.37 (2.05–2.75) < 0.001
P for trend < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001

Model 1: adjust for none. Model 2: adjust for age, gender, BMI, race. Model 3: adjust for age, gender, BMI, race, educational level, marital status, family PIR, diabetes, failing kidneys, heart failure, coronary heart disease, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, cancer or malignancy.

P-values for trends were calculated by modeling rank values for smoking status as continuous variables.

CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.