Table 8.
Univariate analysis of depressive symptoms in the study population based on smoking cessation status.
| Characteristics | Statistics | OR, 95%CI, P-value |
|---|---|---|
| Age, year(mean, se) | 48.65 ± 0.27 | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) < 0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 (mean, se) | 29.06 ± 0.09 | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) < 0.001 |
| Family PIR (mean, se) | 2.84 ± 0.03 | 0.67 (0.63–0.71) < 0.001 |
| Gender ( n , %) | ||
| Male | 8,019 (55.80%) | 1 |
| Female | 5,632 (44.20%) | 2.08 (1.83–2.36) < 0.001 |
| Race ( n , %) | ||
| Mexican American | 1,691 (6.30%) | 1 |
| Other Hispanic | 1,080 (4.18%) | 1.57 (1.17–2.11) 0.003 |
| Non-Hispanic white | 7,028 (74.12%) | 1.06 (0.86–1.30) 0.609 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 2,820 (9.55%) | 1.49 (1.21–1.84) < 0.001 |
| Other races | 1,032 (5.84%) | 1.37 (1.05–1.78) 0.021 |
| Education level ( n , %) | ||
| < 9th grade | 1,260 (4.95%) | 1 |
| 9–11th grade | 2,417 (13.80%) | 1.00 (0.78–1.26) 0.972 |
| High school graduate | 3,621 (27.49%) | 0.69 (0.55–0.87) 0.002 |
| Some college or AA degree | 4,130 (32.57%) | 0.70 (0.55–0.88) 0.003 |
| College graduate or above | 2,223 (21.19%) | 0.30 (0.20–0.44) < 0.001 |
| Marital status ( n , %) | ||
| Married | 6,678 (52.43%) | 1 |
| Widowed | 1,025 (5.46%) | 1.76 (1.30–2.37) < 0.001 |
| Divorced | 1,904 (12.89%) | 2.46 (2.06–2.93) < 0.001 |
| Separated | 532 (2.92%) | 3.71 (2.96–4.65) < 0.001 |
| Never married | 2,151 (15.83%) | 1.87 (1.55–2.27) < 0.001 |
| Living with partner | 1,361 (10.46%) | 1.85 (1.50–2.29) < 0.001 |
| Diabetes ( n , %) | ||
| No | 11,401 (87.30%) | 1 |
| Borderline | 354 (2.31%) | 1.37 (0.96–1.96) 0.090 |
| Yes | 1,896 (10.38%) | 1.58 (1.33–1.87) < 0.001 |
| Failing kidneys ( n , %) | ||
| No | 13,150 (97.17%) | 1 |
| Yes | 501 (2.83%) | 2.65 (2.05–3.42) < 0.001 |
| Heart failure ( n , %) | ||
| No | 13,100 (97.03%) | 1 |
| Yes | 551 (2.97%) | 2.25 (1.72–2.95) < 0.001 |
| Coronary heart disease ( n , %) | ||
| No | 12,921 (95.42%) | 1 |
| Yes | 730 (4.58%) | 1.32 (0.99–1.77) 0.062 |
| Emphysema ( n , %) | ||
| No | 13,083 (96.37%) | 1 |
| Yes | 568 (3.63%) | 2.33 (1.82–2.98) < 0.001 |
| Chronic bronchitis ( n , %) | ||
| No | 12,478 (91.41%) | 1 |
| Yes | 1,173 (8.59%) | 2.90 (2.41–3.48) < 0.001 |
| Cancer or malignancy ( n , %) | ||
| No | 12,090 (88.15%) | 1 |
| Yes | 1,561 (11.85%) | 1.11 (0.90–1.37) 0.321 |
| Smoking cessation duration | ||
| Q0 | 6,321 (46.3%) | 1 |
| Q1 | 1,965 (14.4%) | 0.53 (0.44–0.64) < 0.001 |
| Q2 | 1,861 (13.6%) | 0.39 (0.30–0.51) < 0.001 |
| Q3 | 1,707 (12.5%) | 0.39 (0.29–0.51) < 0.001 |
| Q4 | 1,797 (13.2%) | 0.36 (0.27–0.48) < 0.001 |
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.
Continuous variables are mean and variance, and categorical variables are proportions and confidence intervals.
Q0, not quit smoking (0 days); Q1, 1st quartile of smoking cessation duration (< 5 years); Q2, 2nd quartile of smoking cessation duration (5–15 years); Q3, 3rd quartile of smoking cessation duration (15–29 years); Q4, 4th quartile of smoking cessation duration (>29 years).