Table 3.

Causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism

Chronic kidney disease

Malabsorption  Bariatric surgery  Gastrectomy  Inflammatory bowel disease  Celiac disease  Short gut syndrome

Idiopathic hypercalciuria

Vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency

Calcium deficiency

Paget's disease of bone

Obesity

Fibroblast growth factor-23-mediated disorders

Medications  Bisphosphonates  Denosumab  Romosozumab  Diuretics  Sodium-glucose contransporter-2 inhibitors  Lithium  Anticonvulsants (phenytoin/phenobarbital)  Tenofovir  Calcitonin  Estrogen replacement  Calcium channel blockers  Ferric carboxymaltose