Table 1.

Area level covariates used in the difference-in-difference (DiD) and interrupted time series (ITS) analysis during two regionally targeted interventions in Ontario Canada.

Variable	Explanation	Source
Distance to Border	Distance from centroid of ADA to boundary of public health region or regionally targeted intervention	Derived from Statistics Canada Census Boundaries
Economic Dependency	Higher values associated with lower workforce engagement and reliance on social assistance programs	Canada Index of Multiple Deprivation
Ethno-Cultural	Higher values associated with greater visible minorities, greater recent immigrants, and lower knowledge of official languages (English/French)	Canada Index of Multiple Deprivation
Residential Instability	Higher values associated with low home ownership, low marriage rates, and high residential turnover	Canada Index of Multiple Deprivation
Population Density	Population/km2, scaled to unit mean and standard deviation. Higher values associated with more dense populations (smaller ADA unit areas)	Derived from Statistics Canada Census Data