TABLE 2.
Functions and applications of bioactive components in biomaterials.
| Bioactive ingredients | Function | Basic antibacterial materials | Applications | RIS |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serine protein (SF) | Excellent mechanical properties, good biocompatibility and biodegradability | Gentamicin, AgNPs | Vancomycin-loaded SF-AgNPs scaffolds | Zhang et al. (2019) |
| Zn2+ | Promotes angiogenesis and osteogenesis | Zeolite imidazole acid skeleton-8 (ZIF-8) | Preparation of ZIF-8 nano-organic skeleton by solvent method | Zhang et al. (2021) |
| PLGA | Biodegradable, with good biocompatibility | AgNPs, Stainless steel alloy | Implants with PLGA/AgNPs coating | Liu et al. (2012) |
| Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxypentanoate) (PHBV) | Excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability | CuO, AgNPs | PLA- and PHBV composites containing nanoparticles | Mazur et al. (2020) |
| Genipin(GP) | Good compatibility and low cytotoxicity | Multifunctional carbon dots (CDs) | A novel nitrogen co-doped carbon dot-dye wood covalent conjugate (N-CDs-GP) was synthesized by hydrothermal method | Chu et al. (2020) |
| Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) | Vascular endothelial cell migration, proliferation | Cu2+ | 3D printed hybrid scaffold with bionic hierarchical porous structure | Wu et al. (2020), Zhang et al. (2022) |
| Cu2+ | Stimulates angiogenesis and collagen deposition | Cu2+ | Biocomposites containing copper Mesoporous bioactive glass | Wang et al. (2016) |
| Bioactive glass (BG), Ga | Stimulates expression of osteoblast genes and stimulates angiogenesis, Inhibit bone resorption and increase calcium deposition in bone tissue | Ga, Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), dextran | Ga-containing BG particles form hydrogel composites | Keenan et al. (2017) |
| Mg2+ | Local Mg-rich environment improves osteoblast adhesion rate, promotes new bone production and regulates osteoblast signaling | Mg2+, TiO2 | Preparation of magnesium-doped titanium dioxide microporous coatings on the surface of Ti implants | Zhao et al. (2019) |
| Graphdiyne (GDY) | Good osteogenic ability and promotes osteoblast adhesion | TiO2, GDY | Assembly of GDY onto TiO2 as a coating for titanium implants by changing the surface charge of GDY and TiO2 | Wang et al. (2020a) |
| Mesoporous silica spheres | Absorbs water from wounds, promotes clotting factor activation, and is degradable | Ca2+, Ag2+ | Calcium-silver doped ordered mesoporous silica spheres for antibacterial and hemostatic applications | Dai et al. (2009) |
| Chitosan | Positively charged chitosan tends to adsorb negative proteins, which leads to platelet activation and thrombosis | Ag-NPs | Preparation of chitosan nanofibers by electrostatic spinning | Dong et al. (2018), Cheng et al. (2020) |
| Carboxymethyl kappa-carrageenan | Interacts with blood proteins to promote clotting and absorbs exudate from wounds | Carboxymethyl kappa-carrageenan | Mixing Carboxymethyl kappa-carrageenan with poly(vinyl alcohol) to introduce antibacterial activity and procoagulant activity into nanofibers | Madruga et al. (2021) |
| Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) | Unique temperature responsiveness with improved wettability and adhesion properties | Lysozyme | Modulation of spatial hiding and exposure of adsorbed lysozyme by temperature-triggered hydration and conformational changes | Yu et al. (2014a) |
| Poly(methacrylic acid) | Imparts pH responsive | Lysozyme | The poly(methacrylic acid) chain imparts pH-responsive properties to the system for stepwise modulation of surface and lysozyme/bacterial interactions | Wei et al. (2016) |
| Poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) | An amphoteric polymer that strongly interacts with water to release of dead bacteria | Ag-NPs | Silver nanoparticles embedded in a polymer matrix capable of killing bacteria on contact and releasing dead bacteria under moist conditions | Hu et al. (2013) |