. 2022 Nov 15;74(4):1207–1220. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erac449

Table 1.

Examples of plant-derived membrane-depolarizing elicitors

Elicitor	Plant	Tissue/cell	Electrode position	JA response	Reference
K⁺	Arabidopsis	Leaf	Extracellular	NA	Favre et al. (2001)
K⁺	Chara corallina	Internodal cell	Extracellular	NA	Shimmen (2006)
Sucrose	Soybean	Cotyledon	Intracellular	NA	Lichtner and Spanswick (1981)
Sucrose	Arabidopsis	Seedling	–	JA-Ile content↑	Wingler et al. (2020)
Glucose, mannose, galactose	Barley	Leaf	Extracellular	NA	Felle and Zimmermann (2007)
Glucose, mannose, galactose	Liverwort	Thallus cell	Intracellular	NA	Felle and Bentrup (1980)
Amino acids (Glu, Ala, Asn, Cys, Gly, Ser, Arg, etc,) and GABA	Arabidopsis	Root	Intracellular	NA	Qi et al. (2006)
	Arabidopsis	Leaf	Extracellular	NA	Shao et al. (2020)
	Barley	Leaf	Extracellular	NA	Felle and Zimmermann (2007)
	Moss	Protonema cell	Intracellular	NA	Koselski et al. (2020)
	Arabidopsis	Leaf/seedling	–	JA response transcript induction	Toyota et al. (2018); Goto et al. (2020)
H₂O₂	Lima bean	Leaf	Intracellular	NA	Maffei et al. (2006)
H₂O₂	Arabidopsis	Mesophyll cell	Intracellular	NA	Nuhkat et al. (2021)
Phenolic acids: salicylic acid, benzoic acid, etc.	Barley	Root epidermal cell	Intracellular	NA	Glass and Dunlop (1974)
Phenolic acids: salicylic acid, benzoic acid, etc.	Oat	Coleoptile cell	Intracellular	NA	Bates and Goldsmith (1983)
ABA	Broad bean	Guard cell	Intracellular	NA	Roelfsema et al. (2004)
	Arabidopsis	Suspension cell	Intracellular	NA	Brault et al. (2004)
	Salvia miltiorrhiza	Hairy root	–	MeJA content↑	Yang et al. (2012)
IAA	Wheat and maize	Coleoptile	Intracellular	NA	Göring et al. (1979)
IAA	Arabidopsis	Root epidermal cell	Intracellular	NA	Dindas et al. (2018)
Nucleotides (ATP, GTP, etc.)	Arabidopsis	Root hair	Intracellular	NA	Lew and Dearnaley (2000)
Nucleotides (ATP, GTP, etc.)	Arabidopsis	Seedling	–	JA response transcript induction	Tripathi et al. (2018)
Polyamines: spermine, spermidine, etc.	Lima bean	Leaf palisade cells	Intracellular	NA	Ozawa et al. (2010)
	Lima bean	Seedling	–	JA content↑	Ozawa et al. (2009)
	Pea	Root mature zone cortical cell	Intracellular	NA	Pottosin et al. (2014)
GLVs: (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenal, etc.	Tomato	Leaf	Intracellular	NA	Zebelo et al. (2012)
Monoterpenes	Cucumber	Root elongating zone	Intracellular	NA	Maffei et al. (2001)
esDNA	Lima bean and maize	Leaf	Intracellular	NA	Barbero et al. (2016)
Oligogalacturonides	Tomato	Mesophyll cell	Intracellular	NA	Thain et al. (1990)
Oligogalacturonides	Tomato	Leaf		JA content↑	Doares et al. (1995)
Peptides and proteins
Systemin	Tomato	Mesophyll cell	Intracellular	NA	Moyen and Johannes (1996)
Systemin	Tomato	Leaf		JA content↑	Doares et al. (1995)
GSH and GSSG	Arabidopsis	Root	Intracellular	NA	Qi et al., (2006)
GSH and GSSG	Arabidopsis	Leaf		JA response transcript induction	Han et al. (2013)
ZmES4 (92 amino acids)	Maize	Pollen tube	Intracellular	NA	Amien et al. (2010)
AtPep1/2/3	Arabidopsis	Mesophyll cell	Intracellular	NA	Krol et al. (2010)

GLVs, green leaf volatiles; esDNA, extracellular self-DNA; NA, not analysed. Only JA responses induced by exogenously applied elicitors were referred to here.