Fig. 2.

Effects of exercise on the integrity of barriers and the underlying mechanisms. The biological changes of barriers through which exercise sustains health. FABPpm = plasma membrane fatty acid-binding protein; FAT = fatty acid translocase; HMGB1 = high mobility group box 1; IL-15 = interleukin-15; Mst1 = mammalian sterile 20-like kinase 1; NF-κB = nuclear factor-kappa B; NPC = nuclear pore complex; PECAM-1 = platelet and endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1; REDD1 = regulated in development and DNA damage 1; TLR4 = toll-like receptor 4.