Fig. 7.

Regular exercise confers multiple health benefits and better survival. The adaptations in multiple tissues and organ systems contribute to the maintenance of whole-body health. AMPK = adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase; BDNF = brain-derived neurotrophic factor; CaMK = calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase; GPx = glutathione peroxidase; IGF1 = insulin-like growth factor 1; MAPK = mitogen-activated protein kinase; NGF = nerve growth factor; NK cells = natural killer cells; NO = nitric oxide; PGC1α = peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor coactivator 1α; SIRTs = sirtuins; SOD = superoxide dismutase; VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFA = vascular endothelial growth factor A; VEGFR3 = vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3.