Table 1.
The detailed exercise protocols in human studies cited in this review.
| Reference | Exercise protocol | Subject | Effect | Mechanism |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 51 | 120 min cycling at 60% VO2max, which is determined by an incremental ride to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer | Human | Increase fatty acid transport | Increase FAT/CD36 and FABPpm |
| 61 | 1 h of treadmill running at 80% VO2max, 0% grade | Human | Increase small intestinal permeability | / |
| 62 | A standard marathon (42.16 km) | Human | Increase intestinal permeability | / |
| 64 | Two 1-h-long bouts of submaximal treadmill exercise at 65% VO2max | Human | Increase gut barrier permeability | / |
| 95 | 45 min cycling (start with 30 min cycling at 65% of HRmax and progressed by 5% every other week until intensity reached 75% of HRmax), twice per week for 12 weeks | Human (65–86 years old) | Attenuate skin aging and enhance mitochondrial biogenesis | Increase IL-15 level |
| 116 | 12 weeks combined endurance (20 min treadmill walking at 70%–80% heart rate reserve) and resistance exercise (8 sets of exercises, 2 sets at 70%–80% of one-repetition maximum, 30 min), 3 days/week | Human (65–80 years old) | Reduced systemic inflammation | Reductions in CD14+CD16+ monocytes |
| 126 | 1-h cycling at 70% of VO2max | Human | Increased levels of inflammatory gene | / |
| 138 | Three 30-min bouts of cycling exercise at –5%, +5%, or +15% of lactate threshold | Human | Augment cytotoxicity against tumor cells | Enhanced NK cell activity |
| 188 | Marathon (a 42.2-km running race) | Athlete | Increased plasma level of GDF15 | Changes in circulating immune cells levels |
| 190 | 1 h cycling exercise at 67% of VO2max | Human | Increased plasma level of GDF15 | / |
| 234 | Maximal exercise test, start cycling with a 75 W load for 3 min (warm-up stage) followed by increments of 25 W every 3 min until volitional exhaustion | Human | Significant modulation of clock genes in effector-memory CD4+ T cells | / |
| 322 | 3 months of moderate exercise involving a combination of treadmill or cycling, each exercise session included 10 min warm-up and cool-down steps at 50%–60% of HRmax, along with 40 min of the prescribed exercise program at 65%–80% of HRmax, 3 times/week | Obese human subject (30 kg/m2 ≤ BMI < 40 kg/m2) | Alleviate obesity-related ER stress | Downregulate GRP78 signaling |
Note: / stands for unknown.
Abbreviations: BMI = body mass index; ER = endoplasmic reticulum; FABPpm = plasma membrane fatty acid-binding protein; FAT = fatty acid translocase; GDF15 = growth differentiation factor-15; GRP78 = glucose-regulated protein 78; HRmax = maximal heart rate; IL-15 = interleukin-15; NK cell = natural killer cell; VO2max = maximal oxygen uptake; W = watt.