TABLE 2.
Summary of Studies Investigating EC-Derived Markers of Activation or Damage in Children With Sepsis
| Study | Population | Major Findings |
|---|---|---|
| Giuliano et al51 | Observational study of 45 children ranging from healthy control subjects to patients with septic shock | Admission and peak levels of ANGPT2 and ANGP2/ANGPT1 ratios were elevated in children with severe sepsis and septic shock compared with children with SIRS or control children |
| Wang et al52 | Observational study of 45 children ranging from healthy control subjects to patients with septic shock | ANGPT1, ANGPT2, and serum bicarbonate demonstrated the strongest correlation with sepsis severity |
| Wong et al53 | Temporal extension of sepsis biomarkers from 225 children with septic shock | Five biomarkers previously identified, including CCL3, heat shock protein-A1B, IL-8, elastase-2, and lipocalin-2, of which CCL3 and Il-8 correlated with disease severity over time |
| van der Flier et al54 | Observational study of skin biopsy samples from 10 children with and 28 without meningococcal sepsis | Expression and soluble levels of VEGF-receptor 2 were decreased in children with sepsis and levels inversely correlated with PRISMIII score |
| Wong et al55 | Derivation of sepsis biomarkers from 220 children with septic shock using regression tree analysis | Five biomarkers were identified, including CCL3, heat shock protein-A1B, IL-8, elastase-2, and lipocalin-2; CCL3 and IL-8 are at least partially of endothelial origin |
| Giuliano et al56 | Observational study of 116 children ranging from healthy control subjects to patients with septic shock | ANGPT2 levels were elevated in septic shock and correlated with the category of shock. ANGPT1 levels were decreased in patients with septic shock compared with the other groups |
| Pickkers et al57 | Observational study of 13 children with meningococcal sepsis | Levels of complement activation and VEGF correlated with severity of shock. VEGF correlated most strongly with degree of capillary leak |
| Oragui et al58 | Observational study of 18 children with meningococcal sepsis | Urinary excretion of glycocalyx and basement membrane components correlated with degree of capillary leak and proteinuria |
| Hazelzet et al59 | Observational study of 52 children with meningococcal sepsis | Il-6, IL-8, C3b, C3c, and C3-CRP levels were all significantly different between survivors and nonsurvivors. Complement levels correlated with illness severity score and degree of capillary leak |
CCL3, C-C chemokine ligand 3; IL, interleukin; PRISM III, Pediatric Risk of Mortality III; SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.