Table 1.

Participant demographics and characteristics at baseline

	Overall	Placebo	Lanthanum
	(n = 253)	(n = 127)	(n = 126)
Age (yrs)	62.4 ± 12.6	61.8 ± 13.1	63.1 ± 12.1
Female sex, n (%)	81 (32.0)	41 (32.3)	40 (31.7)
Country of study site, n (%)
Australia	182 (71.9)	92 (72.4)	90 (71.4)
New Zealand	30 (11.9)	15 (11.8)	15 (11.9)
Malaysia	41 (16.2)	20 (15.7)	21 (16.7)
Ethnicity, n (%)
White/Caucasoid	157 (62.1)	85 (66.9)	72 (57.1)
Australian Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander	1 (0.4)	0	1 (0.8)
New Zealand Māori or Pasifika	6 (2.4)	1 (0.8)	5 (4.0)
Asian	62 (24.5)	29 (22.8)	33 (26.2)
Other	27 (10.7)	12 (9.4)	15 (11.9)
Body mass index (kg/m2)	29.8 ± 6.0	30.1 ± 6.2	29.6 ± 5.8
Waist circumference (cm)	102.4 ± 15.8	103.0 ± 16.0	101.9 ± 15.7
CKD stage, n (%)
Stage 3b	83 (32.8)	42 (33.1)	41 (32.5)
Stage 4	170 (67.2)	85 (66.9)	85 (67.5)
Primary cause of kidney disease, n (%)
Diabetic nephropathy	78 (30.8)	41 (32.3)	37 (29.4)
Hypertension/vascular	42 (16.6)	19 (15.0)	23 (18.3)
Glomerulonephritis	36 (14.2)	21 (16.5)	15 (11.9)
Reflux nephropathy	9 (3.6)	5 (3.9)	4 (3.2)
Polycystic kidney disease	12 (4.7)	4 (3.1)	8 (6.3)
Other	38 (15.0)	17 (13.4)	21 (16.7)
Unknown	38 (15.0)	20 (15.7)	18 (14.3)
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)	113 (44.7)	54 (42.5)	59 (46.8)
Hypertension, n (%)	228 (90.1)	114 (89.8)	114 (90.5)
Dyslipidaemia, n (%)	198 (78.3)	100 (78.7)	98 (77.8)
Cardiovascular disease, n (%)	75 (29.6)	35 (27.6)	40 (31.7)
Peripheral vascular disease, n (%)	21 (8.3)	10 (7.9)	11 (8.7)
Cerebrovascular disease, n (%)	16 (6.3)	9 (7.1)	7 (5.6)
Smoking status, n (%)
Never	123 (48.6)	65 (51.2)	58 (46.0)
Former	115 (45.5)	57 (44.9)	58 (46.0)
Current	15 (5.9)	5 (3.9)	10 (7.9)

Mean ± SD or number (percentage).