Table 2. Excess Direct Medical Cost Associated With Post–COVID-19 Conditions During 1, 3, and 6 Months Starting 31 Days After the Index Date, IQVIA 2020–2021^a .

Outcome	2-Part model for differences in cost between cases and controls (95% CI)b		P valuee
	Absolute difference,c $	Relative difference,d
Children
1-month	208 (136–281)	1.82 (1.52–2.20)	<.001
3-month	549 (361–736)	1.72 (1.46–2.02)	<.001
6-month	1,011 (717–1,306)	1.70 (1.49–1.94)	<.001
Adults
1-month	393 (359–427)	1.69 (1.63–1.76)	<.001
3-month	930 (857–1,003)	1.54 (1.50–1.59)	<.001
6-month	1,562 (1,451–1,673)	1.46 (1.42–1.49)	<.001

^a Data source: IQVIA PharMetrics Plus (12), a database of adjudicated medical claims from US health plans, including claims from primarily commercial health plans (preferred provider and health maintenance organizations), to provide a complete view of patient care across all care settings, including facility, management, surgical, ancillary, and pharmaceutical expenditures.

^b Models were estimated separately among children and adults with the following outcome variables: 1-month cost, 3-month cost, and 6-month cost ≥31 days after the index date. All models include presence of COVID-19, sex, age group (1–4, 5–11, 12–15, and 16–17 y for children;18–24, 25–39, 40–49, 50–64 y for adults), US census region, payer type (commercial, self-insured employer group, both), previous number of hospitalizations (0, 1, ≥2) during April 1, 2019–March 31, 2020, and previous Charlson Comorbidity Index score (0, 1, ≥2 for children and 0, 1–2, 3–4, ≥5 for adults) during April 1, 2019–March 31, 2020.

^c Calculated as costs among cases (individuals with a diagnosis of COVID-19) minus costs among controls (individuals without a diagnosis of COVID-19).

^d Calculated as costs among cases (individuals with a diagnosis of COVID-19) divided by costs among controls (individuals without a diagnosis of COVID-19).

^e Two-tailed t test with P < .05 for significance.