Table 3. Excess Direct Medical Cost Associated With Post–COVID-19 Conditions, by Age Group and Sex During 1, 3, and 6 Months Starting 31 Days After the Index Date, IQVIA 2020–2021a .
| Outcome | 2-Part model for difference in cost between cases and controlsb (95% CI) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1-month |
3-month |
6-month |
||||
| Absolute difference,c $ | Relative differenced | Absolute difference,c $ | Relative differenced | Absolute difference,c $ | Relative differenced | |
| Children | ||||||
| By sex | ||||||
| Male | 196 (101 to 291) | 1.73 (1.35 to 2.21) | 580 (313 to 847) | 1.73 (1.35 to 2.21) | 1,076 (631 to 1,522) | 1.74 (1.43 to 2.12) |
| Female | 215 (100 to 330) | 1.90 (1.42 to 2.53) | 430 (164 to 695) | 1.55 (1.19 to 2.03) | 821 (455 to 1,187) | 1.56 (1.30 to 1.88) |
| By age group, y | ||||||
| 0–4 | 296 (−47 to 639) | 2.25 (1.01 to 4.99) | 61 (−674 to 795) | 1.06 (0.51 to 2.19) | 135 (−746 to 1,016) | 1.08 (0.64 to 1.84) |
| 5–11 | 214 (81 to 347) | 2.38 (1.62 to 3.50) | 628 (275 to 981) | 2.37 (1.68 to 3.34) | 1,074 (545 to 1,604) | 2.21 (1.66 to 2.95) |
| 12–15 | 183 (68 to 298) | 1.64 (1.22 to 2.22) | 574 (262 to 885) | 1.72 (1.34 to 2.20) | 992 (471 to 1,514) | 1.66 (1.33 to 2.07) |
| 16–17 | 185 (73 to 296) | 1.59 (1.23 to 2.05) | 512 (204 to 821) | 1.56 (1.24 to 1.95) | 1,123 (606 to 1,641) | 1.63 (1.35 to 1.96) |
| Adults | ||||||
| By sex | ||||||
| Male | 514 (444 to 583) | 2.05 (1.90 to 2.20) | 1,141 (988 to 1,293) | 1.77 (1.67 to 1.88) | 1,764 (1,551 to 1,977) | 1.59 (1.52 to 1.67) |
| Female | 329 (291 to 367) | 1.53 (1.46 to 1.59) | 848 (769 to 926) | 1.45 (1.40 to 1.49) | 1,530 (1,409 to 1,652) | 1.41 (1.37 to 1.44) |
| By age, y | ||||||
| 18–24 | 177 (127 to 227) | 1.44 (1.32 to 1.59) | 478 (367 to 589) | 1.42 (1.32 to 1.52) | 892 (690 to 1,094) | 1.39 (1.30 to 1.49) |
| 25–39 | 290 (234 to 345) | 1.58 (1.46 to 1.70) | 698 (580 to 817) | 1.46 (1.38 to 1.55) | 1,185 (1,008 to 1,362) | 1.40 (1.34 to 1.47) |
| 40–49 | 378 (305 to 451) | 1.68 (1.54 to 1.82) | 787 (668 to 906) | 1.46 (1.39 to 1.54) | 1,398 (1,211 to 1,585) | 1.42 (1.36 to 1.48) |
| 50–64 | 570 (497 to 644) | 1.89 (1.77 to 2.02) | 1,375 (1,210 to 1,541) | 1.70 (1.62 to 1.79) | 2,191 (1,960 to 2,421) | 1.56 (1.50 to 1.62) |
Data source: IQVIA PharMetrics Plus (12), a database of adjudicated medical claims from US health plans, including claims from primarily commercial health plans (preferred provider and health maintenance organizations), to provide a complete view of patient care across all care settings, including facility, management, surgical, ancillary, and pharmaceutical expenditures.
Models were estimated separately among children and adults with the following outcome variables: 1-month cost, 3-month cost, and 6-month cost ≥31 days after the index date. All models included the interaction of presence of COVID-19, sex, and age group (1–4, 5–11,12–15, and 16–17 y for children;18–24, 25–39, 40–49, 50–64 y for adults), including lower-order interactions and main effects, US census region, payer type (commercial, self-insured employer group, both), previous number of hospitalizations (0, 1, ≥2) during April 1, 2019–March 31, 2020, and previous Charlson Comorbidity Index (0, 1, ≥2 for children and 0, 1–2, 3–4, ≥5 for adults) during April 1, 2019–March 31, 2020.
Calculated as costs among cases (individuals with a diagnosis of COVID-19) minus costs among controls (individuals without a diagnosis of COVID-19).
Calculated as costs among cases (individuals with a diagnosis of COVID-19) divided by costs among controls (individuals without a diagnosis of COVID-19).